American Revolution Ideology

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The Ideology of the American Revolutions in Comparative Perspective Joshua Simon Yale University In the fifty years comprised by the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the first quarter of the nineteenth, movements from Boston to Buenos Aires criticized, fought, and ultimately overthrew all but a few insular remnants of the European empires that had ruled the New World for more than three centuries, creating independent states to govern in their stead. While these American Revolutions emerged from distinctive contexts and produced divergent results, they also present striking and under-studied similarities, particularly in their intellectual dimensions. Yet when scholars venture beyond the borders of a single-country study, they…show more content…
11 Barrington Moore, Jr., The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); and R.R. Palmer, The Age of Democratic Revolutions: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800 2 Vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959 and 1964). For more contemporary comments on this comparison in a sociological vein, see also: Jaime E. Rodríguez O., “Two Revolutions: France 1789 and Mexico 1810” The Americas, Vol. 47, No. 2 (October, 1990), 161-176 and Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1992), 3-8. 12 For the British-American connection see, especially: Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution Enlarged Edition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); and Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1972). For the Spanish-American connection see: Guerra, Modernidad y Independencias; Rodríguez, Independence of Spanish America; and Roberto Breña, El Primer Liberalismo Español y los Procesos de Emancipación de América, 1808-1824: Una Revisión Historiográfica del Liberalismo Hispánico (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2006). 13 Wim Klooster, Revolutions…show more content…
However, the pseudo-science of climate and geography that de Pauw, in particular, had used to reframe this familiar theme presented clear and problematic implications for Creoles: if the American climate, rather than race or culture, was responsible for the Native Americans’ civilizational deficits, if, indeed, European species degenerated upon exposure to the New World’s temperature and vapors, then Creoles, too, could be described as inferior, and subjected to the treatment Europeans accorded their inferiors. Predictably, the Creole response to the threat implied by the new naturalism was furious, their cause championed by luminaries including the New Spaniard Francisco Javier Clavigero, the Chilean Giovanni Ignazio Molina, the Quiteño Juan de Velasco, the Pennsylvanian Benjamin Franklin, and the Virginian Thomas Jefferson.39 As they churned out reams of criticism of Buffon, de Pauw, and Raynal, these Creole intellectuals increasingly perceived threats, not only to their equality with European-born Britons and Spaniards, but their to their superiority vis-à-vis non-white Americans. By
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