Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences". In other words, Skinner's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. Bandura – Social Learning Theory The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning.
Assigned a one page essay on “our own abilities” Locke wrote several hundred pages and took 20 years to complete the essay “ essay concerning human understanding) Believed we are all equal at birth. Wilhelm Wundt (1879) Studied at the university of Leipzig. Performed the reaction time experiment that tested how long it took the body to react to a sound heard. E.B. Titchener Studied at Cornell University Introduced structuralism- An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore structural elements of the human mind.
While at Northwestern, Hall attended classes with a fellow student named Carroll L. Griffith who would later go on to become the founder of Griffith Laboratories. After graduation, Hall earned a graduate degree from the University of Chicago. Hall was soon hired by the Western Electric Company through a telephone interview. When he showed up for his first day, however, he was told by a personnel officer that "we don't take niggers." Recovering from this slight, he began working for the Chicago Department of Health as a chemist and was promoted in 1917 to senior chemist.
All you know is you and your needs. He says that as we grow older we are taught to tailor some of our actions to minimize their negative effects on others, as long as our needs are still being met. Lee describes that as the root of selfishness. When he answers the question to the title of the article of whether we’re born good or evil he says, “It’s neither, we are born selfish”. This article provides interesting incite and examples for how humans are born
University of Phoenix Material Structuralism and Functionalism Worksheet Complete the following table: | |Structuralism |Functionalism | |Main Components |The main focus of this approach was breaking down mental processes into|Aimed to understand consciousness, but it was more concerned with | | |their most basic components, and furthermore to understand how they |the functions of the mind, exploring the “why” of human behavior as an | | |interact with each other and how they correlate with physical events. |environmental adaptation. | | |Utilized introspection – an analytical tool used to examine one’s own | | | |thoughts and feelings. | | |Contributions to the field of |Edward Bradford Titchener strongly advocated for psychology as a |Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Survival of the Fittest, Social Darwinism, Synthetic| |Psychology |science and therefore believed it was imperative to classify the |Philosophy-the idea that knowledge and experience can be explained in terms of | | |components of thought; after all, science deals with facts, not |evolutionary principles | |
Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issues A psychodynamic approach is one which tries to explain what drives or motivates development. Many psychological explanations aim to identify what causes behaviour, but this approach looks at the dynamics of the cause. The best known psychodynamic approach is Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. He suggested that we are driven to satisfy biological urges and these motives cause us to interact with our environment in certain ways. This means early experiences play a critical role in our lives.
Examine one evolutionary explanation of behavior Before we had the technology to look at genes specifically, a theory was used to explain how we’ve adapted the traits we have today. Darwin’s theory was that those who adapt best to an environment will have a greater chance of surviving, having offspring, and passing their genes to their offspring. As our environment is always changing, we need to adapt our characteristics to survive in that specific environment. It is the whole aspect of adaptation. It is said that those who are better suited for a certain environment will be more like to breed and pass on these genes also known as natural selection.
Thanks to the liberal policy of University president Robert Hutchins, he enrolled at the University of Chicago, where he was awarded a tuition scholarship, at the age of 15. In 1947 Watson left the University of Chicago to become a graduate student at Indiana University, attracted by the presence at Bloomington of the 1946 Nobel Prize winner Hermann Joseph Muller, who in crucial papers published in 1922, 1929, and in the 1930s had laid out all the basic properties of the heredity molecule that presented in his 1944 book. He received his PhD degree from Indiana University in 1950. Watson married Elizabeth Lewis in 1968. They have two sons, Rufus Robert Watson and Duncan James Watson.
Wright Mills wrote three books directed toward the American labor movement, white collar workers and the apathetic American. During his first few years at Columbia University, Mills worked with a network of academics researching the major social and economic changes facing union workers for labor union leaders. Mills wrote “The New Men of Power: American’s Labor Leaders” in 1948 (it was republished in 2001) based on his survey of 500 labor leaders. In this book, Mills outlined a radical labor-based agenda that expanded the New Deal concepts and called for the end of the arms race and an economy based on preparing for war. Mills advocated the movement of the labor union toward the political left.
This is the perspective which has created the great Nature Vs’ Nurture debate. The evolutionary perspective argues that many behavioral tendencies in humans have evolved because they helped our ancestors survive and rear healthy offspring (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Evolutionary psychologists believe that most enduring human attributes at some time served a function for humans as biological organisms (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). This perspective goes along with the theory of survival of the fittest. This theory relies on the belief that humans behave certain ways because at some point it was necessary to ensure their survival.