The goal of this essay is to bring to light the identity construction and development of both Helena and Sven through the theoretical micro, meso, and macro dimensions of discrimination and stratification entrenched throughout their youth experiences. Social stratification refers “to how individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they have.” (Ballantine & Roberts, p.207). Various levels of stratification are embedded throughout Helena’s and Sven’s stories demonstrating how family, community, and identities remain key factors in the youth transition period. Sven and Helena develop their identity into adulthood while facing unstable social and economic times. First, it is important to explore each story in the micro-level analysis of stratification, prestige and influence.
Gender roles are the behaviours that society teach us as appropriate for boys and girls. These are based on gender stereotypes, which are “assumptions made about the characteristics of each gender, such as physical appearance, physical abilities, attitudes, interests or occupations.” (Gooden and Gooden, 2001). This essay will define and discuss gender and its significance throughout early childhood. Gender socialisation will be related to throughout this discussion as the effects of the family, the school, the media and the peer group on gender socialisation will also be looked at. To conclude the essay, statistics and studies will be discussed with relation to gender role socialisation.
However, Marie must establish a strong sense of identity, which is important for the development of intimate relationships. Studies have shown that a poor sense of self is likely to result in less committed relationships. If Marie were to be unsuccessful in developing a more committed relationship with her boyfriend, she is more likely to suffer from isolation, loneliness and depression. Furthermore, Levinson’s stages of adult development would identify Marie to be within the early adulthood transition, from ages 17 to 22. This would demonstrate that Marie is leaving adolescence and beginning to make choices for her adult life (Levinson, 1986).
Generally it is widely accepted across the board that early gender socialisation is one of the most important issues in early childhood, as it is affecting both boys and girls. The foundations for stereotypes in gender roles are laid through early gender socialization (Yelland 1998). It must be noted that, early gender socialisation starts at birth and the process is one of learning cultural roles in accordance with one's sex. Many studies have shown that parents treat daughter’s and son’s differently (Jacklin, DiPietro, & Maccoby; Woolett, White, & Lyon; and Parke & O'Leary, in Hargreaves & Colley, 1986; Snow, Jacklin, & Maccoby, 1983; Power, 1981). One study indicates that parents have differential expectations of sons and daughters as early as 24 hours after birth (Rubin, Provenzano, & Luria, 1974).
Evaluate the milestones and important influences of adolescence. The beginning of adolescence is often marked by the onset of puberty. Puberty is “the period during which an individual becomes physiologically capable of reproduction.” (Danesi, 1994, pp5-6) Puberty is therefore, in most cases, a major milestone for adolescents as it is mainly the defining factor of how the adolescent period begins. Clarke (1968, p53) mentions in his book that there are rare exceptions to puberty and adolescence occurring simultaneously. Clarke writes of Greulich “citing the case of a precocious girl who attained puberty at the age of three years and eleven months: at one year of age, her breasts were quite large; at three years and seven months, she menstruated.” Gabriel (1971, p298) explains this phenomenon as precocious puberty: “In exceptional cases, the restraining substances cease to function, and the releasing mechanism becomes prematurely active.
Of the three theories given, psychosocial and social constructionist theories of identity will be summarised and shown how these theories compare when studying the identity of those with physical disabilities. Erik Erikson (later expanded by James Marcia) devised the psychosocial theory of identity, in which human beings go through eight stages of identity development (Phoenix, 2007). During these periods each person goes through a normative crisis; however stage five, adolescence is regarded as the most important stage as this is where identity must be achieved. In Erikson’s theory, psycho (self) conjointly with social (hence psychosocial) interactions are the factors that forge our identities. Psychosocial theory states that we all have a variety of identities that are combined to make one coherent vision of self.
Although peers may become a more important reference group in shaping adolescent behaviors numerous studies show that the parent-child relationship remains important for the psychosocial adjustment of young adolescents. Some have even suggested that early adolescence is the key period in which a trajectory is set for future behavior problems (Pettit, Bates, Dodge, & Meece, 1999). There is little doubt that the parent-child relationships have an exceedingly vital part in forming Erickson’s last 5 stages of development. There have been analyses that have explored the behavioral consistencies between parent-child relationships. The parent-child relationship has a deep impact on other relationships in adulthood.
Ibrayeva Aigerim TFL 1A The key social and cognitive changes during adolescence. Adolescence is a time of many transitions for both teens (adolescent) and their families. To ensure that teens and adults navigate these transitions successfully, it is important for both to understand what is happening to the teen physically, cognitively, and socially; how these transitions affect teens; what adults can do; and what support resources are available. As you read the following information, keep in mind that while all teens develop, they don’t all follow the same timeline. Throughout this stage there appear physical & psychological changes in adolescent.
Family Life and Juvenile Delinquency Researchers have established that there many paths to juvenile delinquency and numerous risk factors that contribute to a youth’s opportunity to offend. The environment in which a child is raised plays a very crucial role in predicting their behaviour in adolescence and subsequent, in adulthood. Delinquency and criminal behaviour typically begin in the home and continue into society. Many modern criminologists argue that youth’s who were deprived of parental warmth and affection had weak family and social bonds and tended to develop a set of beliefs that were negative and hostile towards society (Walsh, 1991). Furthermore, child maltreatment is a consequential social problem.
Parenting Styles and Gender Differences in the Relation Between Adolescents’ Self-Esteem Adolescence is a critical period of one’s life where an individual experiences numerous progressions especially in self-esteem (Deshpande and Chhabriya, 2013). Self-esteem is portrayed as an individual assessment that an individual makes of her or himself, their feeling of their own value, worth, significance, or abilities (Myers, 1992; Rosenberg, 1978 as cited in Zakeri & Karimpur, 2011). Moreover, previous study (Kearney-Cooke, 1999 as cited in Ahmad, Imran, Khanam, & Riaz, 2013) suggested that gender differences is one of factor that influences adolescence’s self-esteem as gender socialization has created expectations for the way women and men feel,