The first group of documents shows the intellectual thought behind the creation of the revolutionary calendar and the reasons for its adoption. A report of grievances in 1789, shows how the though of the calendar came to be. The document asks for the number of religious holidays to be reduced and uses disadvantages of idleness as an excuse (Document 1). Gilbert Romme, head of the calendar reform committee, speaks of the cons of the Church calendar. In his speech before the National Convention, he claims the Church calendar to debase nations and persuades people that a new calendar is a must for every Frenchman.
The German Princes established a national figurehead who they could look to for ideology and bravery to drive the Reformation. This is first displayed in 1519 when Luther met famous German theologian John Eck, who at the Leipzig debate, accused Luther of being a Hussite to which Luther controversially agreed. At this meeting Luther was ruthless: denying the authority of the pope and general council and reiterated his idea of “justification by faith alone”. This series of
Royal African Company - chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia 4. triangular trade - commerce linking Africa, the new world colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar, and tobacco transported to Europe 5. Asante - established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi;
From the 1450s to the 1750s, powerful empires including the Spanish maritime empire and the Russian empire rose. With these powerful empires also rose systems of forced labor. The Spanish empire grew to include the Americas, and the Russian Empire took control of territory lost to the Mongols prior to the 1750s. Both the Spanish settlers in the New World and the Russian Nobility needed labor for commercial purposes, but the encomienda system gave the settlers the right to demand labor from natives, whereas Russian serfdom were comprised of peasants who fell into debt and were forced to become laborers to the large estates owned by nobles to repay their debt. The intentions of both the encomienda system and system of Russian serfdom were the same, however, they differed in the foundation and functionality.
In Sparks’s writing, the Robin Johns’ story allows us "to translate those statistics (of the slave trade) into people" (5). The Robin Johns’ enslavement and liberation resulted from their active roles as slave traders at the West African region of Old Calabar. Ephraim Robin John and Ancona Robin John were members of the elite Efik slave traders of Old Calabar and participated in the Ekpe secret society that governed the commercial relations with Atlantic traders. As Old Calabar grew from a small town in the late seventeenth century to one of the most important slave trading regions of the eighteenth century, Efik traders such as the Robin Johns came to
1518 - First boatload of slaves brought directly from Africa to the Americas Cause: Europeans accustomed to slavery were coming to the Americas. Effects: Slavery helped owners gain wealth and property. The United States grew and slavery eventually became a necessity for the Southern Plantation owners. Driven by humanitarian and economic reasons the country became divided and erupted into Civil War. Significance: Slavery brought Africans to America, challenged this country to look at all men as equals and made us leaders in the world for civil rights of mankind.
O.e.-was a prominent African involved in the British movement for the abolition of the slave trade. He was enslaved as a child, purchased his freedom, and worked as an author, merchant, and explorer in South America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, and the United Kingdom, where he settled by 1792. Mid Pass-The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa[1] were shipped to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials,[2] which would be transported
Martin Luther started this reformation by posting his 95 thesis to the door of the church. Luther believed that selling indulgences was wrong and that only faith alone Jesus Christ can earn yourself salvation. Luther’s cause was aided when King Henry joined the reformation and created the Anglican church. King Henry made the church because the pope would not let him divorce his wife so he could get an heir to the
4. European Societies of the 1400s The Social Hierarchy - Monarchy and Aristocracy, social position by birth Christianity Shapes the European Outlook - Crusades fail to take holy land but inspire exploration. Reformation - splitting of Protestant from Catholics - conflicts lead to search for religious freedom. European Nations Take Shape - Portugal, Spain, France, England The Renaissance - meaning rebirth, stimulation of culture, science, art, advanced by introduction of printing process Johann Gutenberg. Europe Enters a new Age of Expansion - search for wealth Gold/Silver development of firearms gives significant them advantage Sailing Technology Improves - Caravel pg 12 compass and astrolabe Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal leads the way.
This journey is known in the Islamic calendar as the Hirja. The Islamic calendar begins in the year 622. After the death of Muhammad in 632, Muslims came together to choose a new leader or ‘khalifa’ (caliph) to be the successor of Muhammad. The caliph was to be the symbolic head of the Muslim community throughout the world. • A religion that began with the prophet Muhammad in the 7th century • Muhammad believed he was a messenger sent by God • Muslims follow the teachings of the holy book, the Qur’an • Muslims pray in the direction of Mecca, the centre for Islamic worship • Islam spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and beyond Photograph courtesy of SacredSites.com Science and technology in Medieval Islam The