Outline and evaluate evolutionary explanations of human aggression (infidelity and jealousy) [8+16 marks] The evolutionary theory states that a human’s main aims are to survive long enough to pass on their genes, and to ensure that those genes live on in their children. If the desire to achieve these goals is not met, or is threatened; humans can become aggressive. Evolutionary explanations can explain aggression in many ways, including infidelity and jealousy. In both males and females infidelity, whether it is real or imagined, causes jealousy and therefore aggression. The jealousy is seen by evolutionary psychologists as an adaptive response and it is therefore useful.
Darwin, who introduced the evolutionary theory, defined sexual selection as certain behaviours which are due to selective pressure from the social environment meaning, an individual is selected on the basis of reproductive success. Features that show signs of reproductive success is attractive to the opposite sex as well as chances of survival, and also enables them to compete, increasing the individual’s chance of reproduction. According to Trivers (1972), the sex which invests least in the process of reproduction will compete for the sex that invests less. Intra-sexual selection is used to define those who compete within a species to attract a mate. As males are less investing, they compete within themselves through intra-sexual selection to achieve the dominant position of the alpha male and so have exclusive access to females.
For example the need for; sex, affiliation, to nurture, for guidance, to aggress, to achieve, to dominate, for prominence, for attention, for autonomy, to escape, to feel safe, for aesthetic sensation, to satisfy curiosity and, physiological needs are among the appeals in which Fowles describes. With these appeals Fowles also describes various styles that can be used in conjunction with the emotional appeal and they are the use of humor, using celebrities, and lastly time imagery. He states that these basic needs, along with many others, are what influences society’s decision
Love is prevalent in the journey and the key to every obstacle they face. A Wrinkle in Time shows that love overcomes the wrath of darkness and evil. This is expressed through the family’s love for one another. Meg Murray has a little brother named Charles Wallace, and a mother; love for
This helps us understand why youth is universally important to men. Clutton-Brock and Vincent suggest a way to understand human mating behaviours. They say a fruitful way of understanding mating behaviours is to focus on the potential offspring production rate of males and females. They argued that it is important to identify whether it is men or women who are acting as a "reproductive bottleneck" for the other. It is the female mammals involvement in gestation that places limits on exactly how much they produce.
So Do I believe love conquers all? Hmmm….Let’s see. When people think they “love” each other, they are spending a lot of time together, hormone endorphin support them in a positive mood of mind that helps people conquer with some of the difficulties. Peoples who are believed in love and have this feeling for someone else can say “Love conquers all”. But, I have on a scientific point of view about
Males had a larger canine size and bite force compared to females signifying their ability to feed efficiently , which is important for growth and survival and possibly mating success. Introduction The observable difference between males and females of the same species is called sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism in size and morphology are is visible throughout the animal kingdom. Charles Darwin’s sexual selection hypothesis states that sexual dimorphism evolves when characters that have an advantage in either competition for mates or mate choice are selected for within one sex (Hendrick et al.,1989). However, it was noted that in some cases, sexual dimorphism could have evolved from food competition between sexes, or differences in the reproductive roles.
‘To put it at its most basic, women want resources and men want to spread their genes.’ Discuss the evolutionary approach to explaining parental investment in humans e.g. sex differences, parent-offspring conflict. Men and women both have different sexual preferences and behaviours which may have been shaped by evolution, the evolutionary theory of relationships believes that the reproductive behaviours of men and women today have their origins in the evolutionary past and exist because they provided survival or reproductive advantages to out ancestors. Men and women seek different qualities in a relationship and in partner selection, a women looks for resources and a male seeks to spread his genes. David Buss (1989) conducted a cross cultural study looking at partner preferences in both genders, data was collected from a total of 4,601 men and 5,446 women aged between 18 and 28.
Idealized Love “When we fall in love, we believe our partner is irreplaceable. We have found the one who is perfect, just right for us. The act of falling in love, in a sense, means that we reject the notion that individuals are interchangeable” (Gianotti). In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, idealized love strongly motivates the key characters Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan. While their journey together begins as a brief fling, the two are soon engrossed in a lifelong relationship filled with undying affection and enduring regrets.
Self-actualisation has been replaced by three motives described as “evolutionarily critical” – mate acquisition, mate retention and parenting. The researchers argue that many activities defined as self-actualising (such as creativity) actually reflect a biologically basic need to increase status and thereby attract mates. Douglas Kenrick said: "Among human aspirations that are most biologically fundamental are those that ultimately facilitate reproduction of our genes in our children's children. For that reason, parenting is