Why Do Honey Bees Vanish

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401110353 Vivian Lee Composition and Conversation II—Dr. Murphy RR4 23 June 2014 Outline I. Introduction: A. The importance and the role of honeybees playing on earth B. The Phenomenon of vanishing bees-- collapsing honeybee colonies 1. Statistics 2. Beekeepers’ situation nowadays II. The cause of collapsing honeybee colonies-- CCD A. Introduction of CCD B. The causes of CCD 1. Interacting factors 2. Parasites 3. Infection of virus 4. Neonicotinoids C. Thesis: However, to closely look at human cause, Neonicotinoid insecticides are considered by many scientists as the primary factor responsible for the ongoing collapse of honeybee colonies. III. One of the main cause of CCD—Neonicotinoids A. Its application in agriculture B. How it would affect bees 1. Relations between bees and neonicotinoid-- when bees may absorb neonicotinoids 2. Effects of sub-lethal doses of neonicotinoid exposure on bees: experiment IV. Conclusion : Restate the effect of Neonicotinoids and solutions so far A. Conclusion of the effect of neonicotinoids B. Banning the use of neonicotinoid class of pesticides Why Bees Are Vanishing? The Effect of Neonicotinoids From agriculture to even the whole natural ecosystem, bees have always been playing one of the most essential roles to support biodiversity. There are over 20,000 species of bees in the world, and more than one third of the world's crop production is dependent on bee pollination (Spivak). They are the world’s most important insect pollinators of fruits, vegetables, nuts, flowers and crops like alfalfa hay that feed our farm animals. However, since around 2006, the number of honey bee colonies has been in serious decline in many parts of the

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