However, the argument that carries the greatest weight is that the individuals who led these revolts and were at the forefront of the revolutionary movements were not united themselves in how they wanted Italy to unite. Austria clearly had a central role in putting down many of the revolts and so played an important role in both the failure of the 1820-21 revolutions and the ones that took place between 1848-49. Prior to 1820, Italy was unsettled and highly divided with nationalists, liberals and extremists amongst the masses. As the hostility in Italy increased under Austrian rule, secret societies emerged such as ‘The Carbonari’ – which was particularly popular in Southern Italy. By 1815, the aims of these secret societies changed in the direction of driving out the Austrians and restoring old Monarchs.
In source 4 we also learn that much must have depended on diplomatic relations with Maximilian and Ferdinand, however Henry’s allies proved unfaithful and unreliable. Source 4, is written by a member of the Government of England. The government is who Henry and Wolsey would go to for Money for these situations. The Government did not like how much Money Henry kept asking for so this could have been reflected in Keith Randall’s report. Henry spent 1.4 millions pounds on fighting wars between 1511-25 and this set England back a far way.
Over time the currency lost its value due to inflation which devastated colonial economies. The lack of effective currency prevented an adequate form of payment to Continental soldiers, which influenced the Revolutionary War and led to Shay’s rebellion. A lack of effective currency combined with the problems of interstate commerce also led to a decline in trade among states. Many states during the time of
Firstly, many say that the Peninsular War was the reason, as it showed France was no longer invincible. However, there are many other reasons such as finance, politics and his own self confidence which accumulated to his downfall. Supporting the statement that the Peninsular War played a prime role in Napoleons downfall is Source 1. It infers ‘The Peninsular War is important in explaining Napoleons eventual defeat for several reasons’. The broad viewpoint of this source suggests that the Peninsular War was definitely the reason for Napoleons downfall.
African Imperialism In the 19th century European imperialism had a very negative effect in Africa that continues to affect the majority of the current population. Their economy was impacted so badly they may never fully recover. Their cultural and ethnic backgrounds were affected when Europeans divided the countries without consent from the different tribes and groups in the surrounding areas. The path that Africa has taken to achieve their independence has been a tough journey with unprepared and unknowledgeable people ruling. Through history Africa’s economy has been negatively exploited but they continue to struggle to rebuild.
The weaknesses of the Italian liberal regime 1870-1914 The creation of liberal Italy in 1870 after the merging of each separate state lead to many political, social and economic issues which lasted and were subsequently added to until the breakdown of liberalism itself. By focusing on issues created by unification itself as well as problems that existed before the creation of the liberal government this essay will outline the main weaknesses of the Italian liberal regime 1870-1914. Firstly, economic problems were one of the main weaknesses of the Italian liberal regime 1870-1914. The state of Italy’s economy pre 1870 was poor; this only proceeded to worsen after unification itself, as the cost of this large scale project brought with it huge debts as well as little or no solutions to pre existing problems. The fact that Italy had a very limited industry and lack of an efficient infrastructure also meant that hardly any money was being created to pump into the economy to keep it running or pay for these debts.
First, the War of Austrian Succession 1740 to 1748, then Seven Years War which lasted from 1756 to 1763 and caused France to lose huge amounts of overseas territory due to its defeat. It also intervened in the American War of Independence from 1778 to 1783 which cost approximately 1066 million livres. Most of the cost for War was supported through the loans Necker raised, which gave the lenders lack of confidence due to lack of elected parliament to guarantee the loans. Another reason for France’s financial problems was the tax system in France. The tax farming system was ineffective and chaotic - Farmers-General paid the State an agreed sum and kept for themselves any extra amount.
Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened Spain and would in the following century, contribute to its decline. This caused inflation and a high tax for all the workers under his rule. The Spending of all this money lead to Spain's first bankruptcy in 1557 due to rising military costs. This eventually led to a failure in leading his people, and it was his debt that truly ended his reign. (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Philip_II_of_Spain) (Spielvogel,456, The Human
Revolts and unruly satraps caused serious economic problems for the empire. Persian taxes became heavier and more unfair, which led to economic depression and rebellions, which in turn led to more cruelty, heavier taxes and so on. The Persian kings also started hoarding gold and silver rather than recirculating it. This created economic chaos without sufficient gold and silver for doing business. As a result of this economic disorder, the Persian kings got weaker still, which fed back into the problem of revolts and powerful satraps.
WHY DID THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 -1849 IN ITALY FAIL? The failures of the 1848 - 1849 revolutions in Italy failed to achieve anything because Italy was divided and each of the revolutions had different aims. Italy was separated into separate states and they all wanted different things to happen, most of the states did not want a money to run them instead they wanted a republic. The desertion of the Pope in the revolution had most of the Catholic supporters of the revolution. None of the states in Italy agreed on anything about from one thing - getting Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia.