In England, Charles’s imposition of such means the “placing of altars”, mentioned in Source B, and the prominence of catholics at court also mentioned in B, created underlying discontent. Furthermore, Charles imposition of the beauty of Holiness and the abolishment of the fed fees impropriations in 1633 made puritans extremely fearful of the apparent catholic tendencies of charles. These changes did not create truly vocalised opposition for several years. The case of John Williams and his challenge to the altar policy and the early use of Prynne are evidence, I believe of how vocalised opposition to the religious reforms was of vital importance to the collapse of the Personal rule. The general build in opposition, e.g.
For this question, key factors will need to be analysed in order to form a correct conclusion on Elizabeth 1's reasons for pursuing a religious settlement, such as England's religious turbulence or relations with powerful European countries. Beliefs in Elizabeth society on religion and gender roles will also need to be analysed when answering this question. Firstly, the religious turbulence that had plagued England for over twenty years greatly impacted Elizabeth's decision. England was a catholic country with the head of the church being the Pope. This continued until Henry VIII, so desperate to produce a male heir, broke Papal control over England and named himself Head of the Church that taught an offshoot of Christianity based on the teachings of Martin Luther, the Protestant Church of England.
The tension and rivalry that existed between the two largest German states made worse the existing religious divisions and made the possibility of unification more problematic. Religion is a factor to be considered as a minor obstacle to unification, but is certainly not the most important factor. The German Princes' themselves proved to be an obstacle to unification. They did not wish to see Germany unified as they feared the loss of their personal power. They also seemed to distrust each other and would rather not lose their identity as individual states by joining with those they
Roman Catholicism was a natural ideological threat to Elizabeth’s policies of a national Protestant Church and her belief in the royal supremacy. As a religion which preached loyalty to the Pope and to Rome, it was in obvious conflict with the Elizabethan Settlement which demanded allegiance to England and the Supreme Governor. One of the most ominous traits of Roman Catholicism at the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign was its resilience: Catholicism and Papists had survived throughout the nationalisation of the Church by Henry VIII and more extreme Protestantism under Edward VI. More worryingly for Elizabeth, they had gained strength under Mary I, both socially and politically, that she would have to compete with or undo. In many ways, Elizabeth’s settlement took the via media between the conservative and reformist religious camps, yet the majority of the country was still Catholic.
He was under leverage from his advisor, the Duke of Northumberland. The young Edward was a supporter of the Protestant faith, although Mary seemed to have hoped at one point he would see the error of his ways and return England to the Church of Rome. Eventually Edward fell ill and died. In the last days of his life Northumberland persuaded him to make the Catholic Lady Jane Grey, Edward’s cousin, otherwise known as the “Nine day Queen” to be next in line as they thought they would have a puppet they could control [although Jane had other ideas about that!]. Mary realized that a plot was being formulated to place Jane on the throne.
At the start of Henry VIIIs reign, most of England were Roman Catholic and accepted the Pope as the Head of the Church, but in the 16th century, and so was he until he split off the English Church from the Roman church When the Pope refused to grant Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. He then went on to make himself the spiritual head of the English church rather than the Pope. Henry VIII declared himself supreme head of a new Church of England. (The Act of Supremacy and reformation). The voices of statesmen and of priests extolled his wisdom and power as more than human.
These two kings got to do whatever they wanted since they were ruling with Divine Right. They used this belief to increase their power within their kingdom and influence their power outside the kingdom. France was a catholic country and both rulers were catholic but the way that both used their religion was very different. When Louis XIII was king of France he had an advisor named Cardinal Richelieu who helped him rule France, he showed Louis XIII an opportunity to shift the balance of power in Europe but it contrasted with their religion. Even though France was catholic Cardinal Richelieu saw a chance to take down Spain and the Hapsburgs by fighting for the Protestants.
England was a Catholic country, and so Ireland followed in its footsteps and was also a devoted Catholic country. The Act of Supremacy meant that Henry was now the head of the church, a protestant movement. This caused uproar in Ireland since England was becoming a protestant country, and Henry expected Ireland to follow them. On the 11th June 1534, the 8th Earl of Kildare, also known as the vice-deputy of Ireland, renounced his alliance to Henry VIII due to these changes. Henry heard of this and summoned Garette Org Fitzgerald to London since he felt that the way in which Ireland was being run was against the new Henrician reformaties.
Although he supported the antipapal policies of King Henry VIII, Gardiner rejected the Protestant doctrine and ultimately backed the severe Roman Catholicism of Queen Mary I. Bishop Latimer- Hugh Latimer was a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, and Bishop of Worcester before the Reformation, and later Church of England chaplain to King Edward VI. First fruits and tenths- First Fruits and Tenths was a form of tax on clergy taking up a benefice or clerical position in Great Britain. Radicals- People who supporter fundamental or revolutionary changes Annates- Annates were the whole of the first year's profits of a benefice which were generally given to the papal treasury. Consanguinity- Consanguinity is the property of being from the same kinship as another person. In that aspect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another
Henry and Catherine needed the consent of the Pope in order to marry, because church law required that a woman cannot marry her husband’s brother and have children with him. The Pope finally consented after Catherine declared that she and Arthur never consummated their relationship. But by this time, Henry’s father had lost interest in an alliance with Spain, and Henry declared that the marriage was arranged without his consent. The status of their relationship lingered, but after Henry’s father died and Henry took the throne in 1509, he finally married his widowed sister-in-law. (Pastoor & Johnson,