This was because the new middle class that had emerged in the 'German states', from industrialisation, wanted political representation, and felt that it could only be achieved in a united Germany. The Congress of Vienna wanted to make sure that no country could take over Europe in the way that France did in the early 1800s, it aimed to do this by allocating more land to Prussia and creating a 'barrier' that would block any attempts of French expansion and also war from Russia in the east. The German Confederation divided Germany into thirty-nine states, as Napoleon did during the French occupation. A reduction in the number of German states may seem like a move towards nationalism and in turn unification, however it was in fact a direct move against it, as can be seen in the second amendment of the confederation. This is known as 'particularism', the principle of leaving each state in a federation free to govern itself and promote its own interests.
-Stresemann altered the policies with the introduction of Dawes plan and the young plan. - Germany was able to meet its reparation payments and the French left the area of Ruhr in 1924. The failures can be seen through the flaws in the constitution, political parties, economic failures the lack of support towards the republic. •The new parliament met in February 1919 and drew up a constitution that established Germany as a democracy. •It was a constitution that would preserve German democracy, liberties and rights of the people.
I would argue that this decision would suggest continuity as opposed to change within the political system as it was a way for the Government to seem more liberal. By introducing these individuals, the Tory Party saw an introduction of tolerance for new ideas and possibly even a new perspective. This alone can be argued as a reason for 1822 being a turning point; however the reforms these men progressed to introduce could initiate a wider view upon the argument. Liberal economic reforms that were put in place are the Reciprocity of Duties Act 1823, the relaxation of trade restriction and Robinson’s desire to reduce domestic duties. These all promoted free trade, hence attempting an improvement within the economy.
Plekhanov did not believe in terrorist ideas but rather supported a more social idea, working with industrial workers and peasants. After closely interacting with many Marxist groups, the Social Democratic Labour Party was formed, with the 'father of Russian Marxism' as its leader. Like Marx, Plekhanov believed that it was the industrial proletariat who would bring about a socialist revolution; he stated that a successful revolution to overthrow the Tsarist regime was too early to take place in Russia. Despite his popularity at the start of the campaign, many members soon became too impatient with their leader; demanding for a more active programme to be formed. Vladimir Ulyanov was one of the members that constantly criticised the theories of
The Polish and Hungarian Uprisings: A Comparison Poland 1863: Polish uprising Background: Previously independent country, disliked Russian rule (Tsar a point of contention) Peasants used to independence, Nobility and emancipation used to localise control, made their lives worse (WHY) Inspired by “Emancipation”, AII open to change? 1861=expecting change Hungary 1956: Hungarian uprising Background: Previously independent country up until 1945 Disliked Russian rule- Moscow based Politburo Workers used independence or capitalist economy (WHAT) Politicians used to localised control, now run by Moscow, left wing, 1930s pre-Fascists (WHAT) Inspired by “Secret Speech”, Khrushchev open to change? Poland Uprisings: The revolt Peasants and nobility united in opposition, united by nationality Peasants demanded “2nd emancipation” Nobility demanded greater freedoms, political independence Desire for national independence? Hungarian Uprisings: The revolt People elect a socialist party, united by nationality (WHAT) People demand a “different approach” Politicians want greater devolution from Moscow,
Catherine developed the Free Economic Society in 1765 which encouraged modernization of agriculture and industry. The division of Russia into districts empowered administers of the local area. Westernizing Russia brought better changes to Russian politics, resources and military enabling Russia to become a European power. Frederick involved himself in the First Partition of Poland to unite the newly gained West Prussia with Eastern Prussia. Frederick also participated in the War of Bavarian Succession in 1778, stopping Austria from trading the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria.
There were three discernible challenges to the political establishment, such as, aggressive foreign policy, the demand for constitutional reform and the demand for social reform. Socialists demanded social reform. In October 1878, Bismark persuaded the Reichstag to pass the Anti-socialist Law, which banned the SPD and drove all socialist organisations underground. In 1890, the Reichstag, with the Kaiser's backing (and to Bismarck's fury) refused to confirm the legislation, and it was dropped. From then to the outbreak of war, only limited an piecemeal social reform was
Louis's heavy taxes fell on the peasants, who revolted. This led to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), which was over the issue of the succession to the Spanish throne: Louis claimed Spain but was opposed by the Dutch, English, Austrians, and Prussians. The war was also an attempt to preserve the balance of power in Europe and to check France's commercial power overseas. A Grand Alliance of the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians was formed in 1701 to fight the French. Eugene of Savoy and Churchill of England led the alliance to victory over Louis.
Also wanted a more strictly controlled colonial system C. Maryland rebelled against Catholics and became a royal colony D. New York controlled by German militia officer Leisler shortly until he was hanged. II. Economic A. Each region of the colonies developed a unique economy and trading pattern that was reflected by its products. New England A.
asserted free market would help everyone FM would produce more food at lower prices The Utilitarians preached by bentham benthams chief follower John Mills also argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain Emergence of Socialism The Utopians thought they could make everyone equal Robert Owen; Thomas More Robert Owen mill owner refused to use child labor treated employees well 1820's many people were visiting NEw Lanark to study owens reforms. In the end it failed The Scientific Socialism of Karl founded by Karl Marx Marx and Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848. began the spctre of communism Looking Ahead alot of people sued the idea of MARXISM but not all of them practiced it like he imagined. Failures marxist lost its appeal in the countries of europe and north america. people felt stronger ties to thier own countries than to the international communist movement. Revolutions failures did not boom movement intantly.