He was the creator of the 95 Theses in 1517. Martin Luther allegedly posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517. His goal was to stir debate among theologians primarily around the issue of indulgences-payments to the Roman Catholic Church in return for official pardons for one’s sins and grants of salvation in the afterlife. Because of the printing press, the 95 Theses were known throughout Germany in a fortnight and throughout Europe in a month. (Document D).
A leading historian, Eisenstein, introduced her theory on the unacknowledged revolution of the Print Press and its role as an “Agent of Change” (Eisenstein, 1979). The print press is considered largely responsible for starting the print revolution, allowing innovations and spread of printed word at a scale never seen before. Impact of The Print Revolution The printed word is judged one of the key factors in the success of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. Luther’s ideas were able to spread farther than any previous challenger of the Catholic church and its widespread corruption. Although not many people would have read his actual ninety five theses nailed to the door of the church in
In 1817 King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia decreed a unification of the Lutheran and Reformed churches in Prussia, and his action was accompanied by the rulers of several of the smaller German states. Compared to previous oppressions the methods were relatively mild, but the result was that entire congregations came to America, lock, stock, and barrel, in order that they could worship God without intrusion from the state. Another important reason for the German immigration was the demand of long military service. During the first half of the nineteenth century, young German men were forced to serve up to five years in the army for the substantial sum of four cents a day. The army was full of privation for those who were not among the officer rank.
There was an influx of Catholic immigrants, especially from Ireland. General political unrest existed, after the French Revolution in 1789, then a prolonged war with France between 1793 and 1815. In 1829 the Emancipation Acts permitted both Nonconformists and Catholics to hold any office. Persistent demands for constitutional change led to the Great Reform Act of 1832, which gave political influence to the middle classes. In 1838 the leading architect Augustus Welby Pugin was commissioned to design St Chad's Roman Catholic cathedral of Birmingham built in Gothic revival style during 1839-41.
There was a constant customer calling for transportation of men and supplies. There was ship building and commerce going on in the eastern ware in Europe. The economy was gained to a financial high when the Crusades made its way to Europe. Even though the crusades were just Christian campaigns fought, it still took a toll on the economy more than people would of thought. It’s said that the first crusade created Latin states on the holy land.
It started in 12th-century France to combat the spread of religious sectarianism, in particular the Cathars and theWaldensians. This Medieval Inquisition persisted into the 14th century, from the 1250s associated with the Dominican Order. In the early 14th century, two other movements attracted the attention of the Inquisition, the Knights Templar and the Beguines. At the end of the Middle Ages, the concept and scope of the Inquisition was significantly expanded, now in the historical context of the turmoils of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Its geographic scope was expanded to other European countries,[1] as well as throughout the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas, Asia and Africa.
Therefore the reconstruction of early America demands a great amount of imagination for the interpretation of the era’s anthropology, archeology, and oral tradition-later recorded by Europeans. Richter uses his first chapter ‘Imagining a Distant World’ as a double entendre. He is describing the motivation that drove tens of thousands to leave Europe in search of a storied new land, while simultaneously admitting that he too is using his imagination to reconstruct an image of early America. Richter sites Carl Becker’s “Every Man His Own Historian”, which was published in American History Review, to support his admitted use of imagination in the reconstruction of events through the eyes of those who were facing
The reason and rationale for choosing this question is that the event had large-scale implications for the political and ideological struggle between Communism and Fascism during the 1930s; this struggle concerned the entire European continent, not just Germany. The sources to be used to evaluate this question are Milen Semkov’s monographs: Moabitt (1981), and Europe against Fascism (1990), Georgi Dimitrov’s Diaty (published 1997) and the Bulgarian motion picture Anvil or Hammer, which offers a comprehensive narrative of the events of 1933. Additional material will be brought in when necessary to support my argument. Summary of evidence : The Leipzig trial took place between September 21 and December 23, 1933. It was organized by the Nazi government in Germany as response to the Reichstag fire of the night of February 27.
Tyler Gilbert 10/20/14 Dr. Nardi AP Euro What were the responses of the Catholic authorities in the sixteenth century to the challenges posed by the Lutheran Reformation? Protestantism was a religion introduced to Europe 1517 by a man named Martin Luther when he published his book The Ninety-Five Theses, and nailed them to every door. As time went on, a schism occurred in which the Roman Catholic Church was split between both the Catholics and the Protestants. The Reformation occurred due to Luther’s disbeliefs of the Church’s current beliefs, one being the selling of indulgences, and other corrupt ideas such as nepotism and simony. With Protestantism growing ever since introduced, and many challenges against the church, the Catholic authorities responded in different ways in order to keep Protestantism from growing and correcting it of its mistakes at the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
This was most prevalent in Europe, where all the nations scrambled for colonies in Asia, Africa and the Pacific. Interestingly, colonies were most sought after at the height of industrialization. As the European countries were discovering more about the benefits of mass production, the demand and competition for more land, raw materials, markets and produce escalated quickly thus creating the tension that triggered the World War 1. The way most historians portray this cause shows that the imperialistic rivalries magnified in 1871, when France had to give up her resourceful provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany as per the peace Treaty of Frankfurt. Thereafter there were many such imperialistic rivalries.