Wetlands Types and Classifications

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Wetlands Types and Classifications Wetlands have different characteristics. The most common feature of all wetlands is that the water table (the groundwater level) is very near to the soil surface or shallow water covers the surface for at least part of the year. The main characteristics of a wetland are determined by the combination of the salinity of the water in the wetland, the soil type and the plants and animals living in the wetland. Because of the high variability of the conditions, and because of the different needs for distinguishing among different types of wetlands, so far, there is no single wetlands classification system that would account for the manifold aspects of this specific ecosystem type. We will give more details about the two major types of classification of wetlands, discussed above – the first is based on the traditional concept of a wetland, and the second is based on scientific grounds: 1. 1. Dependent mostly on a combination of the above conditions, the "traditional terminology" distinguishes between two major wetland types – mineral and organic (Encyclopædia Britannica; FORESTED WETLANDS: Functions, Benefits and the Use of Best Management Practices), such as marsh, swamp, fen and bog: i. Mineral Soil Wetlands: • Marsh – a type of wetland ecosystem characterized by poorly drained mineral soils and by plant life dominated by grasses (see. Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). Marshes are common at the mouths of rivers, especially where extensive deltas have been built. The marsh plants slow down the flow of water and allow for the nutrient enriched sediments to be deposited, thus providing conditions for the further development of the marsh. Figure 2 – Marsh (source – FORESTED WETLANDS: Functions, Benefits and the Use of Best Management Practices). Figure 3 – Tidal marsh along the Edisto River, South Carolina (source – the US

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