As cement usually represent only 10-15 % of a concrete mix (PCA, 2014), energy required to produce concrete isn’t so important. Actually, cement production energy is around 5 GJ/t, but reinforced concrete one is only 2.5 GJ/t (Penttala, 1997). In comparison, steel requires 30 GJ/t, and aluminium 270 GJ/t (Penttala, 1997). But, life-cycle doesn’t take in consideration only the production energy. It should consider energy consumption on all the life duration of the material.
As a result of such accurate laboratory determinations most of the heat-capacity ratios have a small percent error. The exception is air, this may be due to the fact that the Kundt’s tube had residue gas from the trial preceding it and there was a mixture of air and another gas. The determined values for the heat-capacity ratio (λ) are as follows: air 1.29±.03, argon 1.659±.01, carbon dioxide 1.28±.01, helium 1.65±.01, nitrogen 1.39±.01 and oxygen 1.39±.01. Experimental Procedure The procedure had been modified as follows: Instead of having a movable piston in the Kundt’s tube, a stationary microphone was at one end of the tube and a stationary speaker at the other end. Frequencies from 300-3400 Hz were sent through the tube by the speaker and the amplitude was recorded by the microphone.
The damper was used with a both a “light” and “heavy” setting, The damping setting did not appear to greatly affect the natural frequency. The use of extra mass did lower the natural frequency no matter the damping setting. The damper did dissipate vibration magnitude more rapidly it did not affect the natural frequency values noticeably. Figure 1: Spring Force/Displacement To directly calculate the spring constant (k) the slider had mass added three times and the displacement of the springs was recorded each time. With the mass converted into Newtons, the Displacement vs. Force graph was created.
The uncertainty in the distance is ±0.5 cm because the ruler had 1 cm markings. The uncertainty in the time was calculated by using the equation (max time – min time)/2. Occasionally the bearing hit the side of the tube on it’s descent , this would decrease it’s velocity , when this happened consistently throughout one trial the results were ignored . If the bearing
At low pressure, the manometer displayed a 100% error, which trailed off smoothly to a final value of 31% at high pressure. The piezometer, on the other hand, simply fluctuated up and down between 0 and 10% error with no relationship to the pressure level. This could be evidence of a small leak in the manometer which causes a fixed pressure drop, causing a greater percent difference at lower pressures than at higher pressures. Introduction and Objective: Pressure is a measure of force exerted per unit area. In order to use the principles of fluid statics to analyze pressure in a system, it is helpful to make several assumptions.
Theory Overview In theory, y=yo-1/2gt^2, where y equals height in the vertical direction.Time, symbolized by t, would be the amount of seconds it took an object to fall this vertical distance, and g being the gravitational force of 9.8 acting on it before it hit the ground.Time can be found more directly by using the equation=2yo/g . Y symbolizes the initial velocity in the y or vertical direction. If the ball were traveling along the x-axis or in a horizontal direction, the equation would be x=vt. In the horizontal direction, the force of gravity is not significant factor because the object is already on the ground. However, if an object were shot out of a gun for example , in a horizontal direction , then the force of gravity would directly act upon the object on its descent .
The camera is actually placed on the angulation of the blade rather than tip to obtain a better view. The camera lens is recessed to protect it from secretions and blood that can obstruct the view. In 2003, a study was done on the Glidescope’s effectiveness and it was noted that it provided adequate vision of the glottis even when the pharyngeal and laryngeal axes could not be aligned due to a cervical collar. And even with that limitation an average time of only 38 seconds for an intubation procedure using a Glidescope. In 2005, the first major clinical study comparing a regular laryngoscope and the Glidescope was done.
The percent error is much higher for the first order stopping potential than for the second. This may be due to the fact that the lamp was not fully heated when the measurements were taken. There was not a gauge anywhere to tell when the lamp was fully heated, so it was more of a guessing game than anything. Another source of error may have been the ambient light in the lab. This may have entered the detector during the experiment, skewing the data.
The best feasible solution is Zero Emission Vehicle i.e. Compressed Air Technology (CAT) which does not require any type of fossil fuel. The gasoline-powered engine requires 4 Rs/mile where as for air powered engines it is 75% less i.e. 1 Rs/mile with no emission COx & NOx pollutants. The cost the hybrid electric vehicle is approximately $50,999 which requires the charging period of 5 to 6 hours whereas the cost of air powered vehicle $14,000 i.e.
The effect of heat on the expansion of gases is stated in Charles' Law. A gas occupies 1/273.15 more space for each 1° C. rise in temperature and, conversely, 1/273.15 less space for each 1° C. drop in temperature. This fact enabled scientists to determine absolute zero (-273.15° C.), the temperature at which all molecules theoretically stop moving. A gas can be made to expand without the addition of outside heat if the pressure confining the gas is reduced. This principle is stated in Boyle's Law.