As we know that psychology is a ‘soft science’ and may have some applications in the real world. For example, organizational psychology is the scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations. Psychologist researches and identifies how behaviors and attitudes can be improved through hiring practices, training programs, and feedback systems. Thus, organizational psychology is the application or extension of psychological methods and principles to the solution of organizational and workplace problems. Psychology is both an applied
P1-explaining the basic psychological approaches Behaviourist One of the best-known aspects of behavioural learning theory is classical conditioning. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response.
Therefore Cordian is proved wrong in this research. This type of approach would be assumed to be deterministic and show we all have an innate liking for fatty, salty and meaty foods. On the other hand, all food preferences cannot be predetermined because some major popular food and seasoning's have no survival qualities or importance the way meat does. For example chilli is the second most popular seasoning worldwide, but the evolutionary theory doesn't offer a reason why it would be a predetermined preference. From this you can assume that some of our preferences must also be moulded by modern experiences and a humans nature to explore new foods.
In this example, the smell of food is the unconditional stimulus. (Cherry, 2010) The unconditional response is something that isn’t learned, it just happens naturally and automatically in response to the unconditioned stimulus. In my example, the unconditioned response is the feeling of hunger.
Then Pavlov began to notice that the dogs began to salivate when he saw an empty plate, or when he saw the experimenter; the dogs even salivated at the sound of the foot steps from the experimenter as they were about to enter the room. Noticing these responses from the dogs, Pavlov decided to test his discovery of condition reflexes. In his experiments testing conditioned reflexes, before the experimenters would enter the room to feed the dogs Pavlov would have a light turned on or have a bell rung. At first the dogs had a neutral reaction to the light or bell because the dogs have not associated those stimuli with being feed. After many trials of pairing, with the light or the bell, with the food, eventually the dogs began to associate being feed with the stimuli if the light or the bell.
Ethology refers to an animal’s behavior. Behavior is a result of a detectable change in the animal’s internal or external environment. These responses may be chemical or physical. The non-human primate is our closest relative, and to get a better understanding of our biological origins we study their behavior. Ethologist Niko Tinbergen, observed animals in their natural conditions and manipulated those conditions to learn how they respond.
Behaviourist approach Strengths: * The approach is scientific and attempts to formulate laws of human behaviour. * Animals other than humans can be used to study learning and do not raise ethical issues that would arise if such experiments were conducted on humans. * The environment is seen as the sole determinant of behaviour. This means that new behaviours can be learned by people suffering from psychological problems such, such as phobias. Limitations: * The behaviourist approach has been criticised because of its denial of free will, seeing human behaviour as mechanistic and determined by reinforcement and punishment.
Compare and contrast the approaches of Skinner and Harlow to investigating influences on behaviour. This essay will explain and evaluate the approaches of Skinner (1953) and Harlow (1958) to investigating influences on behaviour. Skinner focused on the role of environmental factors in influencing behaviour. Harlow investigated behavioural tendencies that appeared to be innate (in-born). They both studied non-human animals and they both made the assumption that the processes they were investigating applied across different species.
Biological psychology is the scientific study of the biology of behavior. Other names for biological psychology are psychobiology, biological behavior, behavioral neuroscience and biopsychology. While the word psychology is the study of behavior due to emotions, motivations, learning, memory and perception, biology is the study of living organisms. Biopsychology is the study of the behavior of a living being. You can study the behavior of an animal or human in their own environment and understand why they act, or behave a certain way.
Scientists have declared anthropomorphism by using parsimony. Parsimony is using the simplest explanation to explain observations (Roberts 1998). It is an important, basic principle in the study of animal behavior. For example, if a dog sits by the door it is obvious that it needs to use the restroom. It is communicating trying to tell us it needs to use the bathroom in the simplest way of just sitting by the door.