January 2011 How far do you agree that the revolutions of 1848–49 in Italy were caused primarily by economic grievances? To what extent was French involvement an obstacle to the unification of Italy in the years 1848–70? June 2011 To what extent had the provisions of the Vienna Settlement (1815) relating to Italy been overthrown by 1849? How significant was Victor Emmanuel in promoting Italian unification in the years 1850–70? January 2012 Why did Piedmont become, and remain, the driving force towards closer Italian unity in the years 1848–61?
By 1815, the aims of these secret societies changed in the direction of driving out the Austrians and restoring old Monarchs. Consequently, these factors paved the way for revolts and armed the peasants with something they never had had before – power. In a large number, the masses could stand against the oppressive rule of the Austrians. Therefore, the events that followed in the years 1820 – 1849 were all underpinned by the resentment of this from Metternich and the importance he placed on controlling Italy. Metternich was the Austrian chancellor and saw the danger of Italian nationalism and the potentially threatening ideas that
During the twenty-nine year period between 1820 and 1849 there were three widespread attempts for Italian revolutionaries to try and unite the country and to get rid of the foreign influences they had. The three periods were 1820-21, 1831 and 1848; in all three of these uprisings there was a very clear show of Austrian interference to put down and undermine the revolutionists. While there were various other reasons as to why these revolutions failed, such as a lack of national communication and the differences in people wanting different things, we cannot deny that the Austrian interferences was the main reason why all three uprisings failed. The first potential uprising the Italian revolutionists tried was in 1820-21, when the government in Naples collapsed Metternich called a meeting in Troppau, it was called the Congress of Troppau. Metternich aimed to stop the revolution in Naples from spreading to other parts of the country, as it was obvious, as it was the first major uprising that it had the potential to be big enough to damage the Austrian rule in Italy, King Ferdiand had promised a constitution which was not being granted when they wanted and General Pepe was appointed as leader of the revolutionists and he was to be made leader of the new government.
To what extent was Italy politically and economically united in the years 1896 – 1914? Between 1896 and 1914 there were huge political and economic changes that occurred in Italy. There was some progress politically due to Giolitti’s system of appeasing people, however, various different political groups were formed like the socialists, nationalists and anarchists, which therefore show a sign of disunity. Although, economically, Italy did grow between these years with the boom in agricultural industry for example, this growth did not unite Italy as the growth was mainly seen in the North and less so in the South. Hence Italy was economically and politically fragmented.
In a secret meeting in Plombieres between Cavour and Napoleon III in summer 1858, it was agreed that a joint war against Austria would take place. In return for this war, Italy would gain from Austria the possession of Lombardy, Venetia, as well as the duchies of Parma and Modena. France would regain Savoy and Nice from Italy. If the war was to be successful for the French and Italians, Italy would take control of the regions that have been for so long controlled by Austria. Back in Italian possession would be a major step to Unification.
Italy developed and succeeded through city-state power, whereas nobility controlled Northern Europe. The arts were supported in Italy, but in Northern Europe the arts were financed by the church and monarchs. The art of the Italian Renaissance and the Northern European Renaissance was bright and natural. Italian artists were more inclined to work on sculptures, architecture, and paintings. Northern European artists produced art through tapestries, manuscripts, and furniture.
To what extent does disappointment of the outcome of the First World War explain growing support for the Italian Fascist Party in the years 1919-22? After the First World War, Italy found itself in a series of crises. Economically and politically the war left the country weak, thus, giving way for a powerful figure to rise into power. However, it is important to note that Mussolini and the Italian Fascist Party did gain support in overwhelming floods and in fact, it was not until 1922, when King Emmanuel III offered the position of Prime Minister to Mussolini was their popularity secured. Long running weaknesses within the original political system aided in developing support for Mussolini, along with his ability to change the party’s policies to accommodate all members of society.
At the meeting in Pisa of 1409, in which both popes refused to attend, the council decided to depose of them. In turn, they elected a new Pope John XXIII. Neither pope would give up his power, which resulted in three popes. This confusion in the papacy called for another council. John XXIII asked the emperor to arrange another council.
How far was the collapse of the liberal state caused by ww1? Just before World War 1 the liberal state was showing many weaknesses such unstable governments that were only lasting 18 months. They were also struggling to accommodate new social and economic forces which lead to extremist parties taking seats in parliament. Some historians believe that the liberal state was failing before the intervention of ww1 however some believe that it was due to ww1 and because of ww1 it lead to radical groups taking power. When Italy intervened into ww1 it was divided there were two camps.
Prior to the conflicts of the 18th century, the British form of government served as a model for those seeking a successful political system, and was admired for its equal distribution of power. However, during the years leading up to Revolution, political dissatisfaction initiated by Enlightenment ideas grew considerably. The Enlightenment was a period of philosophical free thinking and self betterment that inspired many revolutionists in colonial America. For instance, Enlightenment thinker John Locke’s argued that “political authority did not derive from the divine right of kings or the inherited authority of aristocracies but from the consent of the governed,” (Brinkley Alan pg 142). Jean Jacques Rousseau concluded that all people were entitled to participate in their government, as well as possessing liberties to political and legal equality (Brinkley Alan pg 142).