A carotid ultrasound uses sound waves to see the carotid arteries in your neck. With this you can see the blood flow going up to the brain and find any areas that are reducing blood flow. An echocardiogram also uses sound waves, but instead of imaging blood vessels, this images the heart. This is used to look for blood clots and to see if there is any narrowing of the carotid artery. An electrocardiogram is a device the shows the pattern of electrical activity that is in your heart.
The coil is the part of the machine that will actually make it work, by giving of a radio frequency. The scanner uses hydrogen atoms to tell the difference between different tissues. MRI scanners will use ‘spin’ which is a property in the machine which can tell the differences between tissues, such as fat, tendons, and muscle. Once the MRI scanner is turned on and the patient is in ready to be scanned the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms in the machine can spin in one of two different directions. The hydrogen atom nuclei can change the direction of spin to the opposite direction.
(Ahmed, et al., 2013) The gradient magnetic field comes about by the actual process of the MRI. The radiofrequency is switched on and off during an examination. Because of this the gradient magnetic field is born. These waves can produce a current in the pacemakers. They can cause the pacemaker to become faster or slower.
Small blood cells called platelets then stick to the site of injury and spread along the surface of the blood vessel to stop the bleeding. They release chemical signals that attract other cells to the area and make them join together to form a platelet plug. On the surface of these activated platelets, many different clotting factors work together in a series of chemical reactions which is known as the coagulation cascade. Thin strands of a protein called fibrin form a mesh and trap blood cells and platelets to form a solid clot. There are a few conditions that have an effect on the clotting process.
He claimed that the brain itself was the most important organ for secretion of this electric fluid, and the nerves were responsible for conducting this fluid to muscles and tissues. * The brain and the nerves do generate electric impulses that cause muscles to contract under a physiological state (that is, when the animal is alive). However, these electric impulses are much smaller than ones produced by the contact of two metals and are not present when an animal is killed. Alessandro Volta was a physics professor who made many contributions to the knowledge of electricity. * He invented the electrophorus, a device used to generate static electricity.
If the heart doesn't beat strongly, blood can collect, or pool, in the atria. Pooled blood is more likely to form clots. If the heart pumps a clot into the bloodstream, the clot can travel to the brain and block blood flow, causing a stroke. Atrial fibrillation can also lead to heart failure or heart attack (Waktare, 2000). What causes atrial fibrillation?
3) When an injury causes a blood vessel wall to break, platelets are activated. They change shape from round to spiny, stick to the broken vessel wall and each other, and begin to plug the break. They also interact with other blood proteins to form fibrin. Fibrin strands form a net that entraps more platelets and blood cells, producing a clot that plugs the break. The reactions that result in the formation of a blood clot are balanced by other reactions that stop the clotting process and dissolve clots after the blood vessel has healed.
A hair is keratinized cells welded together. b. It is present on almost all skin surfaces, as well as inside the nose and the ear canal. Its function is protection. c. A hair is made up of the root (part below the surface of the epidermis) and grows upward to become the shaft (part above the surface of the epidermis).
•If chest pain is present, have client lie down, monitor cardiac rhythm, give oxygen, run a strip, medicate for pain, and notify the physician. These actions can increase oxygen delivery to the coronary arteries and improve client prognosis. •Place on cardiac monitor; monitor for dysrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is common in heart failure. •Watch laboratory data closely, especially arterial blood gases and electrolytes, including potassium.
Various chemotactic agents make the endothelium sticky for white blood cells, including neutrophils which recognize antigens via toll receptors and phagocytize the antigens and empty lysosome enzymes into the phagosome. They also release cytokines and chemokines leading to the recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells. These cells also phagocytize the antigen, but after digestion, they present the fragments of antigen polypeptide on MHC class II molecules on the surface. The APCs move through the lymph to the lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells. Both the presented antigen and the MHC II receptor it is presented on has to be specific for the T cell which has a CD4 binding site for the