With the use of this technique we placed chlorine, bromine, and iodine into solutions containing chloride, bromide, and iodide. In the reaction the free halogen (X2) oxidizes the other halide ion (Y-) and gets reduced by gaining electron(s). In table 3, chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent and iodine was the weakest oxidizing agent. Since chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent it will react more and the weak agent will react less. This explanation can be demonstrated in table 3 also because the results of the reactions demonstrates that chloride reacted more by the color of the product compared to the color of chloride in the mineral oil.
Bromination of Arenes This lab demonstrated the application of adding bromine to various arenes, hydrocarbons with alternating single bonds. This process, bromination, is a mechanism which treats hydrogen as a functional group. This being the case, the rate of reaction of certain arenes can be measured and compared to that of other arenes upon the addition of the bromine. The reaction occurs when the bromine radical generates from the halide diatomic molecule, using light energy. The fact that the energy needed to break the necessary bonds falls within the visible light spectrum is the basis on which the experiment is based.
c. The anticodon on the tRNA molecule that is complementary to the mRNA codon described above. d. The amino acid that would be carried by the tRNA molecule described above. In Henry's other CYP2C9 gene, the 430th nucleotide has been changed from a cytosine (C) to a thymine (T). This mutation converts a CGT triplet code in the coding strand of the DNA molecule to TGT. Beginning with this triplet code on the DNA, describe the effect that this change would have on the following: a.
A. True B. False 3. Which of the following coenzymes are involved in carrying reducing equivalents from intermediary metabolism to the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation? A. Nicotiamide adenine dinucleotide B. Flavin adenine dinucleotide C. Thiamin pyrophospate D. All of the above E. A and B 4.
Structure similar to substrate | Harmful noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor | C. Tie up metals | Feedback enzyme inhibition | B. Binds to allosteric site | Ribozyme | D. Catalytic RNA molecule | Question 5 Potentially, how many molecules of ATP can be generated by prokaryotes from the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O? Answers: 38 Question 6 How many molecules of ATP are spent by prokaryotes in the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid? Answers: 2 Question 7 Although the production of ATP during fermentation is limited, its advantage over respiration is that in fermentation Answers: | The final electron acceptors could be either inorganic or organic molecules | | Glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. | | There is not need of an external molecule to serve as a final electron acceptor | | The production of FADH2 and NADH is higher than in respiration | | Glucose is oxidized to ethanol.
Nuclear envelope What genetic material is found in this part of the cell more than anywhere else in the cell? RNA C. Nucleolus D. Cytoplasm E. Mitochondria F. Lysosomes G. Endoplasmic Reticulum H. Golgi apparatus I. This part of the cell is reponsible for breaking down organic molecules. J. Ribosomes K. centrioles L. Chromatin What function do peroxisomes serve? Peroxisomes contain a variety of enzymes, which primarily function together to rid the cell of toxic substances, and in particular, hydrogen peroxide (a common byproduct of cellular metabolism).
The NMR spectrum does contain impurities including methanol (4.80 ppm), methyl oleate (5.40 ppm), CHCL3 (7.20 ppm), acetone (2.00 ppm), and water (1.60 ppm). The methyl oleate may be present due to incomplete reaction with hydrogen and the CHCL3 may be present due to the contamination of CDCL3 NMR solvent. Acetone was used as a cleaning agent on the apparatus before starting the experiment. The experimental NMR spectrum does match that of an authentic spectrum except the experimental spectrum contains a greater number of peaks due to
2608T_ch19sm_S223-S237 02/22/2008 2:47 pm Page 223 pinnacle 111:WHQY028:Solutions Manual:Ch-19: Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation chapter 19 2H 1. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions The NADH dehydrogenase complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain promotes the following series of oxidation-reduction reactions, in which Fe3 and Fe2 represent the iron in iron-sulfur centers, Q is ubiquinone, QH2 is ubiquinol, and E is the enzyme: (1) NADH 2 H E-FMN 88n NAD 2Fe 3 E-FMNH2 2Fe2 (2) E-FMNH2 (3) 2Fe 2H H 88n E-FMN 3 Q 88n 2Fe QH2 QH2 Sum: NADH Q 88n NAD For each of the three reactions catalyzed by the NADH dehydrogenase complex, identify (a) the electron donor, (b) the electron
Also, doxorubicin has a great tendency to mitochondrial membrane, thus providing a great deal of access to the electron transfer chains(37). The molecule that interacts with doxorubicin in the electron transfer chain is the complex I. By providing an electron to doxorubicin, this complex converts it into a free radical form capable of donating electrons to oxygen. Consequently, produces the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria. The result of the ROS production in pathogenesis is the change in the lipid, protein, nucleic acid, biological molecules and several signaling
Oxidation of Vitamin C with 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) The stability of Vitamin C is affected by temperature, moisture, oxygen, light, pH, minerals, other vitamins and other food component. This is usually unstable due to multiple oxidation states and readily decomposed due to heat application (Boyer, 1986). The determination of ascorbic acid uses the following formula: mg Vitamin C = DF (mg/mL) x volume titrant used (mL) x volume extract (mL) x 100 100 g volume aliquot (mL) x mass sample (g) where DF (dye factor) = mass Vitamin C (mg) volume indophenol (ml) Table 9.2 Vitamin C Stability TIME (mins) 0 15 30 45 ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT (mg/100g sample) 60ᴼC 2.41 2.38 2.45 2.08 80ᴼC 2.41 2.45 2.31 2.35 100ᴼC 2.41 2.25 2.58 1.82 Table 9.2 shows the stability of Vitamin C to heat. The ascorbic acid content decreases as the temperature and time increases. Ascorbic acid is easily destroyed during processing and storage through the action of metals such as copper and iron.