Describe how the cognitive approach has been applied to RET The cognitive approach believes that we are information processors. Our thinking and the way we process and interpret events can affect our behaviour particularly our mood. Therefore rational emotional therapy is linked to the approach because its attempts to change the way an individual interprets and thinks about certain events. Ret was devised by albert ellis in the 1950’s. it tries to tackle mustabatory thinking (the thinking that you must be good at everything and like by everyone) by trying to make the patient think more rationally about situations.
In 1941 N.E Miller and associate J. Dollard proposed that one could learn a behavior by observing that behavior in others. They called this theory social learning. The social learning theory of Miller and Dollard also stated that “by imitating these observed actions the individual observer would solidify that learned action and would be rewarded with positive reinforcement.”(Green) Loosely translated this means that if we ape the actions of those around us they will reward us for such actions. In 1954 Julian Rotter broke away from the then popular instinct based psychoanalysis and drive based behaviorism theories. Rotter believed that a psychological theory should have a psychological motivational principal, and that people were motivated to seek out positive reinforcement or stimulus and to avoid the negative of either.
In what ways does ‘Pathways Theory’ inform your understanding of how young people become involved in, and desist from, offending behaviour? Where possible make reference to your own practice. In this assignment I aim to discuss my understanding of ‘Pathways Theory’, its validity and furthermore the way in which it informs practice in predicting recidivism. Elder et al 2001 (cited in France and Homel, p.298) refers to ‘Pathways Theory’ as theoretical and empirical work in the field of life course studies and the developmental sciences, including developmental psychology, life span sociology and psychology, life history research and studies of the life cycle. I aim to highlight how ‘Pathways Theory’ influences the Youth Justice System coupled with the Scaled approach furthermore my knowledge and understanding of offending behaviour as a Youth Offending Officer within my practice, that of my team.
Churchland (1991) defines two classes for TT; the first he suggests should be named fully intentional concepts, which allows an individual to understand the expression of different personal beliefs and decisions. The second class is purported to be a non/quasi intentional concepts, which allows an individual to understand all other mental states such as grief, pain and fear. TT is thought to enable a form of mindreading whereby one can presume information about the current cognitive state of another in order to predict their future behaviours (Churchland, 1991). If this is the case, the question of where TT stems from should be imperative. One school of thought is that we learn to theorise through implicit teaching, observing others (Gopnik & Wellman, 2012) and the closeness of living together (Davies & Stone, 1995).
P2 Discuss theories of communication. The communication cycle: refers to the whole process of communication, from the origin to it being understood by the right person. Effective communication involves the process of checking the other person has understood, using reflective listening. Michael Argyle was a social psychologist who researched and developed theories on interpersonal interaction and communication, he focused on both verbal and non-verbal communication. He carried out experiments to test and develop his theory.
This essay will explore the differences and similarities between two social scientists’ view of how social order is made and rebuilt. Both are concerned with governance (Silva, E, pg. 309), that being the action or manner of governing either individuals or society as a whole and how authority and discipline are exercised. The two propositions that will be compared and contrasted are: · Goffman - that social order is produced through the everyday actions and practices of people as they live their lives (Silva, E, pg. 316) · Foucault - that social order is produced through the power of knowledge and discourse (that which is talked about), which are the products of historical processes (Silva, E, pg.
Psychodynamic is the next theory that fits as well. This is associated more with childhood experiences and the unconscious mind of the individual. According to Grove (1994), “But are persons really responsible for their actions in the sense that they (1) assess the possible alternative courses of action available to them, (2) choose a particular course, and (3) construct a complex set of acts to achieve intended results” (p. 74). Our laws, our religions, and our emotional responses are established on the principles that these are factual intentions. When the events of others have an effect on our lives, and we recognize their reactions to be determined entirely by power beyond their limitations, there is then no cause for feelings of either anger or gratitude (Grove,
(McClelland) In functionalism, change is said to happen when pressure is put on individuals by social structures. This is what is known as a macro theory. Macro theories work from the society downward, the society forces the people to change, not the people change society. As a real world example of how functionalism is applied I will use elder abuse. When there is a problem such as elder abuse, a functionalist would say there is a dysfunction.
Originally trained in psychoanalysis, Berne wanted a theory which could be understood and available to everyone and began to develop what came to be called Transactional Analysis (TA). Transactional Analysis is a social psychology and a method to improve communication. The theory outlines how we have developed and treat ourselves, how we relate and communicate with others, and offers suggestions and interventions which will enable us to change and grow. Transactional Analysis is underpinned by the philosophy that: * people can change
Transactional analysis Transactional analysis was founded by Eric Berne (1910-1970) it is idea that humans are social creatures and that a person is a multi-faceted being that changes when in contact with another person in their world. It is based on two notions, first that we have three parts or 'ego-states' to our 'personality which can be likened to Freud’s theory of the structure of the psyche (id, ego and superego), and secondly that these converse with one another in 'transactions' The ego states Parent- a state in which people behave, feel, and think in response to an unconscious mimicking of how their parents (or other parental figures) acted, or how they interpreted their parent's actions. For example, a person may shout at someone out of frustration because they learned from an influential figure in childhood the lesson that this seemed to be a way of relating that worked Adult- a state of the ego which is most like a computer processing information and making predictions absent of major emotions that could affect its operation. Learning to strengthen the Adult is a goal of TA. While a person is in the Adult ego state, he/she is directed towards an objective appraisal of reality.