Transaction Cost Economics

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Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and the boundaries of a firm To apply the concept of TCE on a firm, it is practical to first describe Transaction Costs (TC) and to then define the key characteristics of TCE, referencing the work of Oliver E. Williamson. Transaction Cost (TC) TC is the cost that is incurred when an economic exchange takes place alternatively it is any costs that arise due to the existence of institutions. Types of TC include search & information costs, bargaining costs and policing & enforcement costs. TC informs when certain economic tasks will be performed by firms and when they will be performed by the market; i.e. buying and selling. The determinants of TC are frequency, specificity, uncertainty, limited (or bounded) rationality and opportunistic behaviour. The key characteristics of TCE The theory of TCE focuses on the structure of firms. It attempts to explain the particular structure of a firm, and the extent to which it will integrate vertically; i.e. the make-or-buy decision. Vertical integration is characterised by the degree that a firm employs different parts of the vertical chain. Three types of vertical integration exist: backward vertical integration, forward vertical integration and balanced vertical integration. TCE is also concerned with profit maximising and consequently involves cost minimisation. A decision to perform transactions either in the open market or within the firm is made with profit maximising as the goal. TCE not only considers transaction costs, but also production costs. Therefore the minimisation of cost involves transaction and production costs. The decision to make use of either the market or the firm rests on assumptions and variables per TCE theory. Williamson makes two assumptions insofar as TCE is concerned. The first assumption is bounded rationality and the second is

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