This also meant that the land was not used to it full potential, all these factors lead to the famines and causing peasants to up rise using violence against government officials. This was on the verge of the revolution. The deep resentment from the peasantry towards the Tsar increased after the war as lots of money had being invested in the war and Russia had lost. Moreover, Sergei Witte had tried to improve the economy of Russia but it was to make sure that the Russian social order stayed the same. Due to industrialisation, factories were built which lead to rapid growth of population in the towns and cities for example from 98 million in 1885 to 125 million in 1905.
These factors led to a fragile liberal government, with the main threat in my opinion being posed not by the nationalists but the socialists. The PSI was founded in 1895 and soon became a strong threat to the liberal government. They were fiercely opposed to the liberal regime, saying it was a cover for the capitalist exploitation of Italian working classes, and used evidence that wages were still low and hours were still long in comparison to the rest of Western Europe. Also welfare benefits compared unfavourably. This led to strong support of the socialists from working classes, so much so that a relatively new party was winning over 20% of the vote by 1913.
These taxations also led to strikes and demonstrations becoming commonplace so could have caused Bloody Sunday itself. Witte’s economic reforms also led to another economic factor that caused the 1905 Revolution, the industrialisation of Russia. High speed industrialisation of Russia led to urbanisation causing a high density of people living in the towns and cities. This aided a social factor, the creation of a new urban working class and led to poor working and living conditions in Russia, this caused even greater resentment of the government and helped the formation of the SDs who also had a part to play in the 1905 Revolution. This high density of people living in towns and cities made it easier for revolutionary parties easier to rally and less easy to crush than when most people lived in more rural areas.
Most of the peasants wanted change and the way they could do was to get the Tsar out and they could achieve that through the Social Revolutionaries and other opposition parties. Talking on the subject for the want and need for change, throughout the years between 1905 and 1914 there were still moderates and radicals who desired change and for the Tsarist regime to be extinguished. Even with the army at the Tsar’s side he still couldn’t stop all the thousands of strikes and riots that occurred during this period. Most of these strikes were caused by the Bolsheviks. The problem was, however, that there were no real leaders present in Russia to take control of all the separate groups of revolutionaries as they were either exiled or in a different country at the time, such as Lenin, who was in London trying to run the Bolshevik party from there.
Italy was divided in terms of wealth; the south was poor and the north wealthy. Both the North and South seemed to live different existences, although there were many northern Italians who still remained poor. The new liberal government rightly saw a struggle to create a united Italy with such a dominant history of division. Moreover in order to make such drastic new policies to the country it was vital the new government was
By 1918, the country was hit by very high inflation and unemployment was high. Italy expected a lot from the treaty of Versailles. However, Italy received very little from the treaty. The Italian public believed that her leaders there had been humiliated as Italy was seen as a secondry figure at Versailies. The Italians did not get what they felt had been promised at the Treaty of London and that caused resentment especially at the losses Italy had endured fighting for the Allies.
There were four main ‘battles’; The Battle for Grain, Battle For the Lira, Battle for Births and Battle of the Marshes. Although they tried to improve the standard of living, the battles failed and did not do much to improve it. The Battle for the Lira had four main aims: fix the lira at 90 to £, reduce inflation, confirm image of Fascism bringing stability to Italy and to show to the Italians and the world that the currency of Italy was a mighty power. The actions that were taken to do this were banks had to institute tight controls on the money supply, then the economy was deflated to drive up the value of the |Lira. In 1927, quota 90 achieved when the lira returned to cold
This ran alongside the blossoming industrialisation of Britain, areas such as Stockport and Cheshire undergoing radical change were often the strongest supports of Chartism. Most notably 400,000 weavers were laid off, so with so many people a desire for change is no doubt to be incredibly strong, Chartism encompassed this passion into an actual collection, albeit a dispersed one. Laughing in the face of Liverpool’s attempt to stop them and 1815 and 1821, the rebels were still running riot through the streets. Hunt and Cobbett amongst others continued demands for political and social change. And the new leaders didn’t stop coming, Feargus O’Connor one of the “Physical force” Chartist was new to the scene are ready for revolt.
How far were the divisions amongst its opponents responsible for the survival of Tsarist Rule 1881-1905 In the years 1881-1905 the Tsarist regime was faced large amounts of opposition from many people. The lower classes caused uprisings, their aims to remove the Tsar from power, while some educated middle class went on strike in an attempt to reform the regime. Many people were revolting and 3 main political groups emerged. The divides in these political groups were heavily responsible for the survival of the Tsarist rule, however there were other factors responsible such as the repression in Russia, which lead to the eventual removal of all opposition groups, and the loyalty of the Tsars supporters, which meant that his power was still stronger than the opposition he was facing. One of the main reasons the Tsarist rule continued during the tome 1881 until 1905 was due to the splits in the political groups.
However, the Prussian army managed to defeat the liberals who were then arrested throughout the whole of Germany. This weakened Austria’s influence in Germany for two reasons. Firstly, the fact that Prussia’s army defeated the liberals and stopped the revolutions showed that they were willing to take action and that they were actually quite powerful – strong enough to stop revolutions and uprisings throughout Germany. Secondly, the revolutions affected Austria’s political dominance in Germany because Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor had resigned and the new Emperor was more focused on revolutions outside of Germany, particularly in Italy. This showed that Austria wasn’t stable and was prepared to do as much as Prussia.