To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards? (40 marks) Volcanic activity happens across the surface of the globe and naturally hazards occur too. A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. It is easy to locate volcanoes, but it is very difficult to predict exactly when activity will take place, particularly a major eruption, this makes it difficult to prepare or plan for one. There is a very big difference that helps prepare for a volcanic hazard and that is whether you are in a MEDC or a LEDC.
For example, in Indonesia many people settle near Mount Merapi because of the rich and fertile soil favoured for farming. As Indonesia is a poor country many people rely on subsistence farming, therefore are willing to risk everything by settling beside a volcano. Furthermore, in the last eruption in 2010 360,000 people were displaced from their homes, meaning not only did they lose their home but also their livelihood; hundreds also lost their lives. Therefore, the hazards posed could have been minimalised if people chose to settle elsewhere. However, this isn’t the same all around the world due to different types of volcanoes.
Discuss the view that the impact of the earthquake hazards depends primarily on human factors? An earthquake, a sudden violent shaking of the ground can be caused by a number of things from seismic activity and resulting in varying impacts. The cause of an earthquake are a result of built up pressure under the earth’s crust, the pressure comes from the movement of the tectonic plates, they can occur on any plate boundaries. Although the majority of the earthquake hazards come from the physical factors, human factors can determine the severity of the event. The impacts created from an earthquake can come from the physical factors of the size, the location of the epicentre and the surrounding areas such as a ground type and the lithology of the rocks.
Planning is crucial to the recovery of a community after a disaster, be it a natural disaster or a man made one, and requires a multi disciplinary effort within the community of responders. Many resources must be allocated and utilized. Preparation for the roles played during a disaster should be set out, rehearsed and reviewed regularly to ensure efficient response and preparedness. ! !
The development of methods to predict volcanic eruptions is particularly important to provide information for the evacuation of populated regions. A prediction is a precise statement including the area that will erupt, when it will erupt and the hazards that may
To what extent to you agree with the view that the hazards resulting from earthquakes and volcanic activity cannot be managed but merely adapted to. Earthquakes and volcanic activity are both nature disasters that human can’t control when or where it will happen and it may cause lots of death and economic loss. There is no way that we can stop it from being happened but we can definitely try to adapt it by many different ways. Firstly, volcanoes are found at destructive and constructive plate margins. At destructive plate margins, the oceanic plate goes under the continental plate due to it’s more dense, which is a process known as subduction.
These principles emphasize that the Risk Management process:- • Creates and protects value to the organisation • Is integral to all organisational processes • Forms part of the decision making process • Addresses uncertainty • Is systematic, structured and timely • Is based on the best available information • Is tailored • Takes into account human and cultural factors • Is transparent and inclusive • Is dynamic , iterative and responsive to change and • Facilitates continuous improvement Risk management requires a framework of design, implementation and monitoring to ensure its effectiveness in an organisation, through the development of a risk management plan. A risk management plan further describes the components and the specific approach and response of an organisation’s commitment to risk management. It involves an organisation identifying and defining the constituents of risk, whether derived from either regulatory requirements or identified sources of risk. A risk criteria is developed against the organisations values and objectives in preparation for assessment. Assessment of these risks requires three steps, identification, analysis and evaluation:- • Identification- The causes and consequences associated with the perceived risk must be identified, these risks may be determined through action or the inaction of an activity, the level
There are numerous contributing factors that make this even harder on the population of Mohave County to survive. The need is evident with the growing rate of people only surviving because of benefits like food stamps and unemployment checks that things need to change. This is even more of an issue right now with the government shutting down and putting a stop to programs like WIC and possibly food stamps. The need is for there to be more available positions. The reasons this occurs is due to numerous factors like the number of companies going out of business, lack of job growth, future plans for job growth does not meet the need, founding father’s not allowing large business to come to town, education level of community, sales tax is high, and average household income is low.
To Drill or Not to Drill This is one of the United States biggest debates, and it will continue for years to come. The United States has been using coal, oil and natural gas for their energies. Some people are afraid that these sources will be used up and the United States will be dependent on a foreign country to provide us with these sources. On one hand, the debate is that these three sources have been used for millions of years. Changing to alternative sources would be too expensive.
David Zhang Ms. Khan ENG3U1-08 25 March 2012 Oryx and Crake: Climate Change Climate change is a tough subject for humans to deal with; ever since the Industrial Revolution, our dramatically increased consumption of energy over the century has brought about immense consequences. Abnormal weather conditions, an increased frequency of natural disasters, and rising sea levels are what many of us claim to be part of a “natural cycle”. However, it is no coincidence that we are on the wrong end of that “natural cycle”, and our behaviours and activities have only caused it to worsen. Climate change will worsen if we continue to disregard its existence and compromise with its consequences, rather than confronting the source of the issue and taking responsibility. Our irresponsibility could ultimately lead to the destruction of our world and civilization, as portrayed in “Oryx and Crake” by Margaret Atwood.