By using the genes from two bacteria producing organisms such as Alcaligenes Eutrophus, they could insert them into cress plants with the aim of these plants producing the PHB. This process worked and the plants and some of their offspring produced around 14% of the dry weight as PHB. Although this is not as high yielding as when it is produced in the petri dishes, it is a much more economically viable method of production and hence would give a much more substantial impact to society. Chemically PHB is from a group of biopolymers known as the polyhyroxyalkanoates. Figure 1 below shows other examples of biopolymers in
1) Genetic engineering or genetic modification is the process of altering an organism’s genetic material for a beneficial purpose. Genetic modification is used to improve the products we obtain from plants and animals making them more nutritious, less-harmful manufacturing processes, and production in large quantities making them less expensive. 2) Gene Therapy- when an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal gene in order to treat a disorder or medical disease Plasmid- small circular DNA molecules in the cytoplasm of bacteria, these molecules cut DNA into a recognizable sequences DNA Polymerase Chain (PCR)- technique used to make copies of a certain gene. Biologists particularly use this with tiny genes that are rarely available. Hybridization- crossing different traits to bring the best of organisms into one.
1) Monocots are shorts for “Monocotyledons” which means plants whose embryo has one cotyledon; whereas, Eudicots (Eudicotyledons) carry embryo with 2 cotyledons. The cotyledons of eudicots supply nutrients for seedlings, but the cotyledons of monocots store some nutrients and act as a transfer tissue for nutrients stored elsewhere. Five key features are typically used to distinguish monocots from eudicots; a seed, arrangement of vascular tissue in roots, stems, and leaves, and number of flower parts. The seed has the reproductive structures that are protected from drying out, have male and female gametophytes which are reduced in size. In young dicot stems and stems (usually the upright, vertical portion of a plant transports substances to and the leaves) that do not increase in thickness, xylem and phloem are arranged in vascular bundles in the cortex.
The results showed that the increasing of the density leads to a decrease in the biomass of plants and that the experimental groups are not much different than the control groups. This shows that an environment can work to stabilize itself without human interruptions. Plants can ensure they don’t overpopulate an area by self-thinning and species can survive with predators using the environment they were given. Introduction Competition for resources is seen in all species and environments around the world. Since the Earth’s natural resources are limited, it necessary for species of all kingdoms to fight in order to gain enough nutrients in order to not only live but thrive and go on to produce future generations.
The shape of a cell is related to its function because of the adaptations made throughout time to make the cell as efficient as it can be. There are two types of cells, eukaryotic cells, which are generally plant and animal cells and prokaryotic cells which relate to bacteria and fungi, which undergo asexual production. Plants are anchored into the ground by roots. The function of roots is the transportation of water and mineral ions from the soil into the xylem to transport around the plant. The roots have an outer layer of cells called root hair cells that have a specific shape that makes the uptake of water and mineral ions more efficient.
1-2-09 Glowing Bacteria Genes are pieces of DNA which hold the instructions for making proteins. The protein will then give an organism a particular trait. Genetic transformation means changes caused by genes, and requires the insertion of a gene into an organism, in order to change the trait. this technique is used by in many areas of biotechnology. Agriculturally, plants can be genetically transformed to be resistant to pesticides, spoilage, and frost.
Bacteria will not multiply in dry areas, but as soon as liquid is added, for instance to dried food like powdered milk and dried eggs, the products will provide ideal conditions for bacteria to multiply. However, if enough salt or sugar have been added to foods such as bacon, savoury biscuits, jam and confectionery, this will absorb the available moisture in the food so the bacteria cannot multiply as easily. It is not only moist foods that provide the right environment for bacteria, though. Moist skin or damp areas of an environment will also provide the right atmosphere for bacterial growth. Nutrients Bacteria, like all living things, need nutrients to survive.
When glucose polymerises to become cellulose, water is eliminated and the structure becomes: The H and OH groups are omitted for clarity. It must noted that: for bonding to occur, alternate glucose units must be inverted as shown above; this bonding produces a very linear molecule due to the geometry of the rings and the C-O-C angles. * Biomass – material produced by living organisms, mainly it is plant material though it also includes animal excreta and algae material. Cellulose is the major component of plant biomass. * Cellulose as a source of chemicals – starch, another polymer of glucose, can be used as an alternative source for petrochemical products but there is more cellulose produced in plants than starch.
Within digestion lactose within milk is broken down by the enzyme lactase, without lactose having a complimentary specific shape to it lactase enzyme, some people are lactose intolerant. Thus it's very important that the enzyme lactase is able to fit with lactose. Shapes must also fit together within plants, in order for the plan to photosynthesis and survive competition and limiting factors.
In certain tissues, such as plant root and shoot tips, cells are actively dividing. These cells do nothing more than divide, grow, divide, grow, divide, and grow as rapidly as temperature and raw materials allow. When there is plenty of food and water and when weather conditions are good, the time between their successive cell divisions is also reasonably constant. The objective of this lab activity is for you to 1) gain experience using a microscope, 2) observe cells and accurately determine their mitosis phase and 3) correlate your observations about the time spent in various phases to the actual tasks and activities completed by the cell during that phase. Pre-lab: Using this information and your textbook, answer the pre-lab questions.