Therefore individuals could score highly in one type of intelligence (e.g. numerical ability) but low in another (e.g. word fluency). Guilford supported Thurstone by arguing that identifying intelligence as a single mental ability (g) is
The first three of these domains (linguistic, logical and special) are recognised in the traditional intelligence testing, however the last five are new concepts in terms of intelligence. Gardner proposed that in order to understand intelligence we must first understand how all the domains interact. He also suggested a ninth type of intelligence, existential, yet he is not confident that it is actually a separate type of intelligence. Gardner revised his theory in 2006 and suggested that there are two overarching intelligence types searchlight intelligence and laser-like intelligence. Searchlight intelligence involves observing lots of different things or aspects of something; this type of intelligence is commonly found in politicians.
It was discovered that each hemisphere was responsible for different functions. It was discovered that the right hemisphere was superior at visual spatial reasoning: right hemisphere can write not draw, recognize facial attributes, while the left brain is responsible for intellectual
Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning). A psychopath will score high on both factors, whereas someone with Anti-social Psychopathic Disorder will score high only on Factor 2. Because an individual's scores may have important consequences for his or her future, the potential for harm if the test is used or administered incorrectly is considerable. The test can only be considered valid if administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under controlled conditions. The sum total determines the extent of a person's
Meaning, if someone excels in mathematics, does not mean that person is capable of painting or creating art (Ghraibeh, 2012). Gardner’s theory was unique, he looked the individual person and their intelligence based on one specific person. Realizing that people are intelligent each in their own way, Gardner’s theory was based on the question of “how are you smart?” compared to the basic question of “how smart are you?” Gardner’s research made him realize that there were many different types of intelligence. Gardner found that the list consisted of eight different yet separate intelligences, that Gardner studied and made a list of eight individual intelligences. The eight distinctive intelligences consist of; linguistic, musical, naturalist, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intrapersonal (Kowalski, R. and Westen,D., 2011).
That is to say, being smart is not equal to having and using only one type of intelligence, but having all types of intelligences which include practical, social and emotional intelligences as well as using them effectively. On the other hand, the definition of human intelligence may not be a simple one as it cannot be confined to one’s responses to numerical and verbal tasks in IQ tests. Human intelligence is beyond IQ tests as Phil Yam points out. Human intelligence is the combination of various skills and abilities that would work even in real-life conditions. People’s life success and practical knowledge are also determining factors while measuring their intelligence because they need to possess survival skills when they encounter stressful and challenging situations.
The theory has enjoyed robust evolution since its inception. learning pattern as an intelligence as follows: 1. The potential of isolation by brain damage, as evidenced by individuals who have experienced brain damage by accident or disease. 2. An intelligence must have an evolutionary history and evolutionary plausibility, such that it confers some survival value for those who possess it.
A plethora of definitions exist for the term intelligence. IQ is a standardised measure of human intellectual capacity with broad societal implications. Intelligence is significant to Psychologists having been studied since the 19th century, resulting in Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon designing the first intelligence test in 1904 (Wasserman, & Tulsky, 2005). Deary, Weiss, and Batty, (2010) describe intelligence as a hierarchical design that includes g at the pinnacle, then strongly correlated broad domains of cognitive functioning followed by specific abilities. An eclectic mixture of intelligence theories exists, including Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences, Thurstone’s theory of primary mental abilities, Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence and Spearman’s theory of g (Fletcher & Hattie, 2011, Gottfredson, 2003).
Provide a brief overview of Gardner’s theory and its significance. The multiple intelligences theory was developed by Harvard psychologist, Howard Gardner in 1983. This theory gives seven ways that people understand and perceive the world. This theory also suggests that there are ways of testing for intelligence based on that certain individual. Gardner claims that all human beings have multiple intelligences.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences Melinda Johnson PSY/300 September 12, 2011 Kaisa Freeman Theory of Multiple Intelligences The multiple intelligence theory was first introduced by Howard Gardner, a professor of cognition and education at Harvard University in his book called Frames of Mind in 1983. Howard Gardner regarded it as a “pluralistic view of the mind” which recognizes many different and discrete facets of cognition and acknowledges that people have different cognitive strengths and contrasting cognitive styles. (Gardner, 1983) In designing his theory, Howard Gardner opposes the traditional view of the mind stating that his theory is a new outlook of the human intelligence. Howard Gardner’s theory suggests that everyone is capable of learning and knowing about the world around them and he also gave a definition of intelligence. For most of the history of human beings, there had never been a scientific definition of intelligence and when spoken about it was referred to as people being “dull” or “bright with varying degrees.