There are three broad perspectives on the nature of the state. A conservative approach, that argues that there is consensus of values in society , and that individual rights in return for giving up of certain rights to use the state. The state is viewed as neutral. It should play a minimum role in society, given that it’s main task is to protect individual rights & to ensure freedom from coercion. The state never the less has a role to play in upholding the core values & morals of a society.
James Rachels’ on Normative Cultural Relativism Every culture has its own customs, traditions and beliefs that dictate the actions of its citizens. Cultural relativism states that although practices and ethical beliefs differ from society to society, it must be accepted as good, relative to each respective culture’s beliefs and moral code. Rachels believes that an act that may be frowned upon in one culture may in fact be totally acceptable in another. The theory of Cultural Relativism puts in action the idea of what people believe is morally right and how it relates to the culture that it is practiced in. Morals concern what is right and wrong.
Utilitarianism is concerned with consequences that maximize benefits and thus decisions are easier to make than an ethical theory based on moral judgments 3 points Question 13 1. The ___________ egoist says she should seek always and only her individual good; the ___________ egoist says that every individual should seek always and only his or her own good. Answer Universal; Individual Psychological; Ethical Individual; Universal Narcissistic; Hedonistic 3 points Question 14 1. Ethical egoism seeks a social order where conflicting self-interests can be brought together in a peaceable and orderly way. Answer True False 3
A reconstruction of his argument would go thusly: 1. A just society is committed to moral equality. 2. Moral equality requires equality of condition. 3.
Assignment Two Incorporating Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development into the Justice System P Strayer University Assignment Two Incorporating Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development into the Justice System I think that justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. For instance, a theory that’s economical must be rejected or revised if it is untrue; same as laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well arranged they are, they must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust. All people possess and inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. This is the reason that justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good that’s shared by others. Just does not allow that the sacrifices imposed on a small amount are out weighed by the larger sum of advantages enjoyed by many.
The various forms present two major problems; the problem of justice, and the issue of having to predict the consequences of an action. One variant within utilitarianism is Hedonistic or Classic utilitarianism. Which looks at the view ‘what is good for an individual is what tends to promote happiness or pleasure to the individual’. This holds that the only intrinsic good is pleasure, and that the only intrinsic bad is pain. Everything else is good only insofar as it creates pleasure, and bad only insofar as it creates pain.
The order model of society demonstrates society as a cooperative and stable system, and any problems are immediately attributed to the people and not the society. Social phenomena not brought to the surface would be 2. What is the conflict model of society? On what kinds of social phenomena does it focus? What social phenomena are neglected from this perspective?
Analysis of the Republic of Plato In “The Republic of Plato”, Plato attempts to answer the questions “What is the meaning of justice?”, and “How can it be realized in modern society?”. He examines all the things that a society must have in place in order to function as perfectly as possible. He explains his beliefs of division of labor, and how it is critical in a well functioning society. He also examines the nature of humans and the “selfish” motives behind peoples’ “just” actions. Plato lays out the foundation for a “perfect” society as he sees that it should be.
Herodotus stated that everyone believes that the customs of his own society to be superior than the others'. Relativism, as stated by Socrates, has a deeper problem. Some social customs are merely arbitrary and when these customs face some issues, it is pointless to insist that one society's customs is better than another's. A second ancient
Examine the important concepts relating to justice and/or law and punishment Justice is about treating society fairly and equally. The government uses its authority to distribute a number of goods in society. The question of how these goods should be shared out comes under distributive justice. This is partially solved by the idea of a social contract which is described as “A minimalist theory of rights in which the individual is understood to be morally bound only by the ‘don’t harm me and I won’t harm you’ doctrine” Within justice there are two many lines of argument, individualist and communitarian theories. Ethicists use these two theories to argue whether the community or the individual is more important, question whether we should follow distributive justice should society just focus on protecting themselves without harming other people?