The Subversion of Power in Joseph Boyden's Three Day Road and Guy Vanderhaegh's the Englishman's Boy

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The violent assertion of domination through rape by colonizing forces is explored in Joseph Boyden's Three Day Road and Guy Vanderhaegh's The Englishman's Boy. In each story, the notion of employing rape to assert control over the colonized “other” is problematized when the victims of violence, representatives of colonized “others,” gain power over their attackers. By challenging and condemning the perpetrators of rape, female figures in each work subvert conquering powers and prompt a reimagining of colonized peoples as passive receptors of violence. In his article entitled “Semiotic Control: Native Peoples in Canadian Literature in English” Terry Goldie comments on the construction and maintenance of metanarratives through Western literatures. He notes that metanarratives are formulated and maintained by European powers to advance specific ideological positions. This, Goldie notes, is often achieved through the misrepresentation of the “other.” In an example using Indigenous peoples as “others,” Goldie says that details and specific accuracies about native peoples are “not significant factors in the imagining of the native” (192). Goldie notes that “history awarded semiotic control to the invaders…the image of “them” has [become] “ours” (192). Boyden and Vanderhaegh employ female characters to reverse the portrayals of marginalized groups . Guy Vanderhaeghe uses specific characters to prompt a re-imagining of the interactions between the Americans and Assiniboine or ‘cowboys and Indians’ during the Cypress Hills Massacre. He does this by blurring the binary division between cowboys and Indians or good and evil. On page 287, Vanderhaeghe introduces a young Indigenous girl who has been captured by Hardwick,

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