When diagnosing cancer a series of different tests are used. According to the ACS, “The signs and symptoms will depend on where the cancer is, how big it is, and how much it affects the organs or tissues. If a cancer has spread, signs or symptoms may appear in different parts of the body” (2012). That’s true for the most part, but sometimes cancer can be where it shows no signs or symptoms until it gets much bigger and in the later stages of the disease. The ACS goes on to say that, Cancers of the pancreas, for example, usually doesn’t cause symptoms until they grow large enough to press on nearby nerves or organs (this causes back or belly pain).
Then there will be a biopsy to determine between a primary and a cancer that has spread from another organ. Chemotherapy may result in tumor shrinkage, but does not prolong survival. There are many investigational drugs, but you have to fit into a very tight fit of criteria to receive these drugs. While you are waiting, your liver is not functioning at full capacity due to the tumor taking up space. It pushes against the arteries in the liver.
3. The role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions that will cause the troponin/ tropomyosin complex to move. This will expose the binding sites on actin so that the cross-bridges of myosin can bind to it. *High calcium concentrations = concentration occurs (bind to troponin – moves tropomyosin out of the way to reveal the hidden receptor site) *Low calcium concentrations = concentration does not occur (troponin goes back – move the tropomyosin back in the way of the myosin = blocks). (Calcium ions) are stored in the Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
RNA will help repair the cells. E. Joseph’s heart attack has caused the function of his cells to change. What types of proteins in the cell membrane were involved in the homeostatic imbalances of his heart cells? ATP needs oxygen in the cells, for energy, without the heart pumping; the oxygen is limited and or cut off. Homeostasis can shut down causing imbalance of water, pH balance and ionic equilibrium, all factors of homeostasis in individual cells.
What are the thymus gland functions? The thymus functions chiefly to develop T lymphocytes. Once mature, these cells leave the thymus and are transported via blood vessels to the lymph nodes and spleen. T-lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity, which is an immune response that involves the activation of certain immune cells to fight infection. 4.
Queston D: Two important pieces of information-the instructions of Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease- are both contained within the cell on which structures? His predisposition for vascular disease is held in the Mitochondria DNA. The information that is needed to repair itself is held in the DNA, but is mainly held in the messenger RNA, which directs the synthesis of specific proteins that can help repair the body. Qeustion E: Joseph’s heart attack has caused the function of his cells to change. What types of proteins in the cell membrane were involved in the homeostatic imbalances of his heart cells?
These mistakes result in mutation leading to loss or inappropriate expression of affected genes. Studies indicate that genetic alterations in the P53 tumor suppressor gene play an important role in the development of skin cancer. The p53 gene is also involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death), and it has been proposed that p53 serves as a “guardian of the genome” by aiding in DNA repair or by going through apoptosis to elimated cells with excessive DNA damage. Unrepaired damage in the p53 gene are transformed into mutations thereby initiating the process of carcinogenesis. Following repeated exposures to UV, keratinocytes (sunburn cells) carrying
There is a challenge predicting which moles or tumors will metastasize, partly because of the cell’s high ability to move spontaneously and actively and also due to the plastic nature of melanocytes. A melanoma can also be formed from existing mole on the body. If this melanoma metastasizes to other parts of the body, it can be fatal for the patient 2. The different levels of a melanoma refer to the extent of the cancer. Tumor thickness, melanoma cell location, and whether the melanoma cells have metastasized all play a role in determining the stage of melanoma.
Explain how cancer cells differ from healthy cells. Healthy cells are more controllable and good for your body to continue producing, whereas cancer cells are uncontrollable and hard to manage, this is why things go wrong in your body and you cannot fix it easily. 3. How do benign and malignant tumors differ? The difference between these
Blood must pass through the liver in order to access cancer cells. Most liver cancer starts elsewhere in the body and spreads to the liver. Different types of tumors can form in the liver. Some of these can be benign or noncancerous; or malignant. Some of the common