The Italian writer and poet, Niccolo Machiavelli, wrote a world famous book titled The Prince, which gave suggestions on how a proper ruler should lead his country. If Machiavelli was the ruler of Italy during the fifteenth century, he would have defended his country and restored the success and power they once had. Machiavelli became a politician at Florence in 1498, which was four years after the Medici family had been expelled from the city. Machiavelli loved politics, and was always traveling between Italy, Germany, and France. However, with the French defeat and Spanish victory over Florence in 1512, Machiavelli was sent into exile.
Theories and Perspectives in Twentieth Century Totalitarian Regimes Discuss Competing Perspectives On The Maintenance of Power in One or More 20th Century Totalitarian Regimes This essay will examine the maintenance of power in fascist Italy after the October 1922 ‘March on Rome’.Benito Mussolini’s political assertiveness and opportunism had helped him capitalise on the fear of a socially complex and politically divided Italy. This essay will explore the measures he and his party took to reign in Italy’s economic and social instabilities, and how he literally disposed of the country’s political divisions. Theseactions would see his fascist party, The PNF, become the first Totalitarian Regime, and the model from which later regimes would be established. I will make comparative analysisof,and identify parallels between Mussolini’s PNF and Adolf Hitler’s Nazi party in Germany and I will deliberate competing perspectives on the function and viability of the economic, political and social programmes and policies of the party. I will use quantative data where possible to give me a better insightinto both the competing academic perspectives and the influence and effectiveness of the regimes endeavours, which will go towards helpingmeformulate as informed a conclusion of my own as possible.
This could be proved by the words, "This time the Carthaginian strategy aimed at bringing the war home to Romans and defeating them in their own backyard" (Spielvogel 123). This was the reason for the political influence of the Roman Empire during the Punic Wars. One of the significant change occur during the Second Punic War was the increasing number of slaves. Large number of slaves were brought to Italy could be prove by the words, "The Roman conquest of the Mediterranean brought a drastic change in the use of slaves" (Spielvogel 129). Before the Second Punic War the slaves were employed relatively at small scale.
This links into the title point that Mussolini had a wide support base and that it was growing. This aslo links to andother factor of his appointment, Mussolinis tactics, he used the dual stratagy, which is the threat of violence but staying within the political system. The nationalists, who wanted a stronger Italy, would have been used as a threat of violence and rebellion. Another factor from the war was the demobalistaion of 5 million troop, this created high unemployment, both were seeking jobs and recognition for their part in the war. The troops would have felt let down as well, so therefore wanted reform and supported Mussolinis violence tactic.
How far do you agree that the limited appeal of Mazzini’s ideas was the main reason for the slow progress of national unity in Italy in the years 1815 – 48? National unity is when a nation comes together through sharing the same physical and religious beliefs. During 1815 and 1848 man revolutions took place in Italy, specifically in The Papal states, Piedmont, Sicily, Modena and Parma. The revolutionaries varied from students to soldiers who were all fighting against the Monarchy. The monarchy treated its states people terribly and they were fed up, this is how the revolutionaries came to be, in general the revolutionaries were to an extent successful because they overthrew the monarchies however they were then beaten by the Austrian reinforcements that the monarchy asked help from.
Augustus Augustus, originally known as Octavian, came to power in 44 BCE, during a time of great political, social and economic instability. Augustus' political, military, monetary, religious and social reforms and decrees, in conjunction with the honours bestowed on him. Augustus’ manipulation of the Senate, helped consolidate the Roman Empire and end the Republic. In order to combat the many problems plaguing Rome and gain the power necessary to consolidate the empire and end the Republic, Augustus employed many tactics, both underhanded and in plain sight. One of Augustus's most successful public policies occurred at the beginning of his political career.
Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against perceived oppressors or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward (www.spu.edu). The apogee of Fascism can be best described by the chronological analysis of the trends and objectives of Fascism through the period from the end of WWI to the end of WWII, when the two most recognized names were Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler (www.fordham.edu).
He had claimed that he was the brains of the unification as well as the diplomat by saying, “We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule…. We want to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development.” (Document 3) Due to the Italians being so separated because it was also partially ruled by Austria, the people of Italy eventually came together and freed the North and South, therefore uniting Italy into one nation. Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was known as the “sword” of Italian unification, helped Italy’s unification in the South, by using his “Red Shirts”. Giuseppe Garibaldi stated, “O noble Thousand! I love to remember you!
The Unifications of Germany and Italy In the late 19th century, Germany and Italy had quickly gained power with their almost instantaneous unification. Germans had been governed by France, the Holy Roman Empire and Austrian Empire; the country divided into dozens of states sought power and saw unification as the means. Italy also separated into many duchies, kingdoms and principalities; lead by many greater countries also sought some independence and power. Both counties were lead into nationalistic views to fight for what they wanted, However, not everybody can get what they want, the unification of the countries had changed the stances of most other power countries, who wanted to remain in power. They saw the quickly growing countries as a threat, this all lead to the First and Second World War.
Fascism did not rise from one single event; it grew from actions of people and groups over many years. The Unification of Italy through to the post war years of 1919 – 1922 brought constant problems within the economic, social and political levels of society which led to the Fascist regime destroying a political system that had lasted 50 years. Economic, Social and Political problems post WW1 The new state of Italy was to be dominated for the next 50 years by the Liberals. They believed that under the rule of educated, progressive men, such as themselves, Italy would become a “citizenry proud of its nationality and loyal to state. (Robson, 1992)” However, reviewing the economical, social and political issues this was not to be.