Moreira (2012) stated, “Humanistic-phenomenological psychotherapy is a contemporary development of person-centered therapy” (p. 3). Carl Rogers was an influential psychologist as well. The article on Carl Rogers describes his findings and the importance of his research and how these findings are researched even further. Many changes have been made to the Rogerian theory, which originated from a clinical theory of psychotherapy, Rogers work expanded into other areas such as education (Moreira, 2012). Psychologists and researchers around the world have continued the study of Rogers’s person-centered
Theories of development are important as they can influence practice and also help us to understand children’s behaviour, reactions and ways of learning. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a zoologist who became interested in children’s cognitive development as a result of working on intelligence tests. He noticed that children consistently gave similar wrong answers to some questions and began to consider why this was. Piaget used his own children to make detailed observations and gradually developed a theory that has been very influential. Piaget’s theory of learning is sometimes referred to as a constructivist approach because he suggested that children constructed or built their thoughts according to their experiences of the world around them.
Then in 1921, John Watson had expanded Pavlov’s research and began to study humans, his first testing was the little Albert experiment. Watson’s purpose of the Little Albert experiment was to see if he could condition the infant to fear an animal. Classical conditioning is considered to be an automatic or reflexive form of learning. Classical Conditioning can be defined as a learning technique that takes place when two stimuli are continuously placed together causing a response which originally bought about the following stimulus is ultimately drawn out due to the initial stimulus (Olson, Hergenhahn, 2013). There are four elements that are associated with classical conditioning.
Structuralism was developed by a man named Edward Titchener who was a student of Wilhem Wundt. Titchener was extremely interested in learning about the structure of the consciousness. He believed in the use of experimentation for the science of psychology (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). The second school of thought, functionalism, along with structuralism was the two schools of thought which were dominant in the beginning of psychology (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Functionalism studied the psychological processes which enable individuals to be able to adapt to their environments; each psychological process has an important role which is their main point of focus.
I found the article about Watson and Rayner to be very interesting and it most definitely caught my attention. I have read quite a bit about conditioned emotional responses and know that all people are conditioned to react a certain way to one specific subject or event. Now, these responses do vary among cultures, age difference, and countries of origin. It was very interesting to see that scientists did conduct such a study, on an abnormal infant in such a controlled setting to condition this child the way they wanted him to respond. I cannot help but wonder if there were any repercussion from this study that the infant, Albert, has to deal with now.
Sigmund Freud on Personality Theories and the Influence Today Abstract I chose this topic because of my interest in personality theories, introduced by Sigmund Freud. I was eager to explore the theories and methods that help determine a person’s personality. I will explain Sigmund Freud’s basic concepts of personality theories and how upbringing, genetics, and culture can influence one’s personality. Sigmund Freud was one of the most famous psychologists who helped make the conscious mind versus unconscious mind note worthy. The conscious mind represents the events in which you are aware of during points of time in a day.
Harry Harlow’s work with rhesus monkeys revolutionized our understanding of human development and he deserves all the credit for providing the basis for ongoing studies of early experience. This paper will weave together the biography and the development of science in the affection or love, which has been shed major light by Harlow’s work with surrogates. Harlow’s life Harry F. Harlow was an American Psychologist, with a BA and PhD. in Psychology from Stanford University. He conducted studies of
Outline and evaluate one or more social psychological theories of aggression? The social learning theory suggests that children learn aggressive behaviour from other significant individuals acting aggressively. A way in which children learn is called vicarious reinforcement and it’s when someone is rewarded for being aggressive. As a result they also act aggressively when reward follows however they will also learn not to act aggressively when punishment will be a consequence of their actions. In order for social learning to take place, the child must form a metal representation of the behaviour he/she observed.
The progress of clinical psychology has been continuous with a steady flow of fresh scientific data in physics, biology, technology, and chemistry. Freud and psychoanalytic beliefs added to the thoughts, which provoked the idea of personal uniqueness in therapeutic creation, which remains an important foundation to clinical psychology. Clinical psychology upholds the distinctness from other disciplines, although the entity of professions associated with mental health entwine the main intention to include human psychological necessities and supply a sensible and lasting capability to flourish, accommodated analytically for the human
Another example would be in the pre-school age, when they have ran into someone by accident and hit them, they know they didn’t mean to do it but to still say sorry for hurting a friend. There is another part of learning and that is social learning this is linked with emotional development, being able to control their emotions and being able to to build socially on this. Being able to have empathy for other and seeing if a friend is sad or happy and being able to adjust their behaviour to suit the situation. A child needs to be able to ‘read’ the faces of others to understand what communication is needed for the time. This is when they can communicate with their friend and adults around them to help a person in need or to join in with games for example.