Explain The Reasons For The Evolution Of Antibiotic Resistance Among Pathogens And Discuss Solutions. Antibiotics were first discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Fleming was a professor of bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital, London and carried out research into possible antibacterial agents. He worked predominately with Staphylococcus aureus and discovered, almost by chance, that some microbes produce antibiotics when he noticed that a small area of a discarded culture plate was free from the mould that covered the rest of the plate. He named the resulting substance Penicillin, and 5 years later it became the first usable antibiotic.
The most common treatment for these infections, caused by Staphylococcus aureus is the antibiotics. There are many kinds of antibiotics using in the modern days, but the first kind of antibiotic being introduced for treating Staphylococcus aureus was Penicillin in 1943. This kind of antibiotic stops the formation of peptidoglycan cross-linkages that makes the bacterial cell well stronger. This eventually makes the cell wall formation and degradation become imbalanced, consequently lead to the cell to die. Other kinds of antibiotic were quick introduced for treating Staphylococcus as well.
Escherichia Coli is a large, diverse group of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. A German physician named Dr. Theodore Escherich discovered it in 1885. The genus is composed of gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore forming rods. The organism’s usual habitat is the digestive tracts of humans and animals. Escherichia Coli is a beneficial function in the human body because it synthesizes useful vitamins such as Vitamin K. E. coli also acts as competition in the intestine by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria that may be present or ingested.
6. Drug Resistance Tests These must be executed in focused laboratories to measure the receptiveness to antimalarial compounds of parasites collected from a definite patient. Two main laboratory methods are available: In vitro tests: where the parasites are grown in culture in the presence of increasing concentrations of drugs; the drug concentration that inhibits parasite growth is used as
Identify prototype drugs for common antibiotic classifications. Discuss the major adverse effects of common antibiotic drug classes. Select nursing interventions to care for a patient taking an antibiotic. Vocabulary/ Key Drugs: Pathogen Bactericidal Synthesis Super-infection Culture Gram stain Broad spectrum antibiotic Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) report Peak Trough Neurotoxicity Hepatotoxicity Resistance Red-man syndrome Tendonitis Clostridium difficile Resistant Susceptible Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) penicillin G potassium tetracycline (Sumcycin) vancomycin (Vancocin) ciprofloxacin (Cipro) III. Bacteriostatic Normal flora Sensitivity Narrow spectrum antibiotic Pruritus Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity Oral Contraceptive Hypersensitivity Intermediate cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol) gentamicin (Garamycin) erythromycin (EES, E-Mycin, Erythrocin) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) Study Questions: 1.
The purpose of heating the agar plates in the autoclave prior to inoculating them with microorganisms was to make sure that the lab results were exact. The plates might have not been properly cleaned beforehand or the bacteria in the air/where they were stored might still lay on the plate. Due to those bacteria the lab results might have turned out differently because we cultured different bacteria from places we did NOT swab. To prevent this we must sterile the plates. Bacteria dies at high temperatures so the plates were heated to kill off any lingering bacteria that may have been present on the agar plate.
Jamila O’Neal Chemistry 66 Professor Basil O. Ibe May 21, 2014 Probiotics and Probiotics in Nutrition Probiotics are microorganisms that some have claimed provide health benefits when consumed. The term probiotic is currently used to name ingested microorganisms associated with beneficial effects to humans and animals. Introduction of the concept is generally attributed to Nobel Prize recipient Eli Metchnikoff, who in 1907 suggested that "the dependence of the intestinal microbes on the food makes it possible to adopt measures to modify the flora in our bodies and to replace the harmful microbes by useful microbes". A significant expansion of the potential market for probiotics has led to higher requirements for scientific substantiation of putative beneficial effects conferred by the microorganisms. The most common probiotic bacteria come from two groups, Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium, although it is important to remember that many other types of bacteria are also classified as probiotics.
| Practical Report | | | | Practical Report Introduction This specific experiment will demonstrate both the efficiency and the disinfecting capabilities of the various disinfectants used and if the experiment is followed correctly the results deemed should be noted that if the substance possess a chemical substances that inhibits the growth of the bacterial culture placed onto the agar (E.Coli) that inhibition zones will be created and we can tabulate and record the observation thus walking away with an understanding of the efficiency of the tested disinfectants used and their success rate. What is known about E.Coli is that it is normally found in food it is a Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium that can help the body break down and assists the body in digestion of food (Dowshen, 2009).Although certain strains of the E.Coli are pathogenic to humans such as the serotype O157:H7, this specific strain of E.Coli is known to cause food poising and can escalate and become life threatening (Nordqvist, 2011). Domestos is chlorine based bleaching agent (Directa, 2009) and is a common household cleaning substance that is used. Handy Andy is a common and popular general house hold cleaner. Dettol is trusted antiseptic and disinfectant and is widely used to fight unwanted bacteria (Thompson D. M.) It has a distinct and characteristic phenolic odour.
Part 1- Dosage (in mg.) a. )Uses for Chloramphenicol The Drug Chloramphenicol, though no longer a commonly prescribed medication, is very successful for the treatment of a wide range of infections. Chloramphenicol is classified as a broad spectrum antibiotic. This medication works well against gram-positive, as well as gram-negative organisms, interfering with the process of protein synthesis, the process essential for bacterial growth Chloramphenicol was once considered the “drug of choice” by physicians, used to treat everything from the simple throat infection to the common flu. This is not the case anymore.
In today’s presentation we will cover information regarding the organism that causes botulism and its epidemiology. We will also talk about the history of the disease, how it is transmitted, and the clinical and necropsy signs observed. Finally, we will address prevention measures for botulism. Botulism is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is a gram positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacillus.