C.) Eukaryotic organelles are enclosed by lipid membranes. There are those that have double-membrane compartments such as chloroplast and mitochondria among others. Single-membrane compartment organelles include endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, Ribosomes do not have a membrane. The breakdown of the membranes of these structures, affect the function of his heart cells because lysosomal enzymes which are normally bound safely inside vesicles will digest the plasma membranes and the membranes of the organelles.
A plasmid is a spherical self-replicating DNA molecule that is not actually a part of the bacterial cell but can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome. While it is not required for the living and reproduction of the bacterial cell plasmids can provide advantages in stressful environments such as the ability to break down X-Gal in this experiment. Procedure 1. Mark one sterile 15-mL tuba "+pBLU;" mark another "-pBLU." (Plasmid DNA will be added to +BLU tube; no will be added to –BLU tube.)
Various chemotactic agents make the endothelium sticky for white blood cells, including neutrophils which recognize antigens via toll receptors and phagocytize the antigens and empty lysosome enzymes into the phagosome. They also release cytokines and chemokines leading to the recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells. These cells also phagocytize the antigen, but after digestion, they present the fragments of antigen polypeptide on MHC class II molecules on the surface. The APCs move through the lymph to the lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells. Both the presented antigen and the MHC II receptor it is presented on has to be specific for the T cell which has a CD4 binding site for the
D1; Analyse the role of the phospholipid bilayer in terms of the movement of materials into and out of cells The phospholipid bilayer is the structure which surrounds a cell, this plasma membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids; these are the intracellular layer, which is at the bottom, and the extracellular layer which is at the top (Wisegeek.com/bilayer. 2011). The mosaic model shows that the phospholipids are arranged in shapes like heads and tails, the polar heads are made up of glycerol, phosphate and nitrogen and the non-polar tails are made up of fatty acid chains (Wisegeek.com/bilayer. 2011). The polar heads will interact with water as they are hydrophilic, though the tails/fatty acids are never exposed to water therefore they are hydrophobic (Wisegeek.com/bilayer.
Single membrane compartment organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes don’t have a membrane. The breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of the heart because lysosomal enzymes are normally bound safely inside vesicles that will digest the plasma membranes and the membranes of the organelles. Question D: Two important pieces of information- The instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease-are both contained within the cell on which structures? (A) Joseph’s predisposition means that he inherited vascular disease which is held in the
Advanced biology week 1 assignment 1. Bacteria are prokaryotes because they are not living organisms; they are simply genetic information wrapped in a protein sheath and they cannot replicate without the help of a cell. 2. Coccus bacteria is bacteria have a spherical shape. In nature, these bacteria may exist as individuals cells or be grouped together.
Practical investigation: An Investigation Comparing the Internal Solute Concentration of Two Types of Potato (Osmosis) Background biology: Cell transport is the movement of materials across the cell membrane. The cell membrane separates the intracellular environment (inside the cell) from the extracellular environment (outside the cell). In eukaryotic cells the membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it can regulate movement of materials in and out of the cell. Cells transport moves molecules in and out by either active or passive transport. Active transport requires energy from the cell, which is provided by adenosine triphosphate.
Introduction: In the lab, both osmosis and diffusion were observed. First diffusion was observed in the membrane of the sausage casing. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration (Russell et al., 2011). Particles diffuse across the membranes of cells in order to transport particular molecules in and out of the cell. Cell membranes are semipermeable.
The site of various chemical reactions. Plasma membranes are present in all cells and organisms; it has similar functions in different organelles but may vary depending on the organism. It is only present in eukaryote cells and prokaryotes do not. The most well know or studied membrane is the mosaic fluid model which is the outer membrane of all eukaryote cells. This is made by a phospholipid bi-layer containing hydrophilic heads made from a phosphate group and hydrophobic tails which are made from 3 fatty acids which is similar to a triglyceride.
2) _____ A) natural killer cells B) monocytes C) leukocytes D) macrophages ** E) interferons 3) Which of the following kinds of protein circulates in the blood and coats the surfaces of microbes to make them more susceptible to engulfment by macrophages? 3) _____ A) complement B) interferon ** C) prostaglandin D) antigen E) pyrogen 4) Which of the following is a major function of natural killer cells? A) to attack and kill pathogenic microorganisms in a nonspecific way 4) _____ B) to attack virus-infected cells in a nonspecific way ** C) to attack virus-infected cells in an antigen-specific way D) to tag pathogenic microorganisms with antibodies E) to phagocytize microorganisms that have been tagged with antibodies 5) Complement proteins assist the immune response by ______. A) enhancing the effects of antibiotics 5) _____ B) coating the surface of microbes, thus making it easier for macrophages to phagocytize them** C) reducing inflammation D) all of the above E) none of the above 6) A researcher detects interferon in a laboratory rat and concludes that ______. A) the rat has, or recently had, a viral infection ** B) cancerous cells are present in the rat C) the rat's diet is deficient in calcium D) the