It is controlled by two muscles, the biceps on the front of the upper arm, and the triceps on the back of the upper arm. The biceps and the triceps are antagonistic muscles. This is when the biceps muscle contracts, the forearm moves up and when the triceps muscle contracts, the forearm moves down. Synergist: The synergist in a movement is the muscle’s that stabilises a joint around which movement is occurring, which in turn helps the agonist function effectively. Synergist muscles also help to create the movement.
-tendons attach muscles to the bones - cartilage protects bones within joints. - synovial fluid: acts as lubricant - synovial membrane: secretes synovial fluid - ligament: joins bone to bone and is strong and flexible - muscle - fibrous capsule: encloses joints - pad of cartilage: gives additional protection - cartilage: absorbs synovial fluid and acts as shock absorber - bone - tendon: joins muscle to bone At a joint there is: Joints and movement continued 2 of 60 1 of 60 How do muscles work? - muscle is made up of bundles of muscle fibres, each fibre is a single muscle cell - each muscle cell is multinucleate (has more than one nucleus) this is because a single nucleus could not effectively control the metabolism of such a long cell. - Tendons connect muscle to bone - the muscle is made up of bundles of muscle fibres. these are bound together by connective tissue.
It is not attached to the skeleton. Cardiac muscle – this is only found in the heart and the junction where the major vessels enter or leave the heart. This muscle appears to have similar properties to both skeletal and smooth muscle in that it contains fibres which are striped but unlike striped muscle there are branches which interconnect also known as intercalculated discs. As we need to keep alive, cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle. Nervous tissue – this is only found in the nervous system and consists of two different tls which transmit nerve impulses throughout the body
Controlled Variables. total number of motor units present in muscle; muscle movement; subject’s physical condition 4. What does the acronym sEMG stand for? Surface Electromyography. 5.
P3 Outline the gross structure and function of all the main body systems Cardiovascular - Heart The heart is a muscular hollow organ and is the size of an adults closed fist. It is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and protected by the rib cage. The heart is a double pump, each side consisting of a muscular upper chamber (the atrium) and a lower chamber (the ventricle). (Stretch B, 2010, P199) The heart is split into 4 different sections, the right side (tricuspid) of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the veins to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side (bicuspid) pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body; the left chamber has a bigger muscular wall than the other chambers and is stronger, so it is able to pump the blood the whole of the body including the head and neck, as it is against the force of gravity.
There are a few different types of joints in the human body such as ball and socket joints, hinge joints and pivot joints all which allow different types of movement. These joints are held together by muscles which work like levers to allow the bones at a joint to work like hinges. Muscles pull and move the bones at particular joints and this is what makes joints move thus the body moves. When supporting moving and positioning activities it is important to remember that muscles can only move joints as far as the joint allows. For example knees and elbow joints have limited movement and it is important to know how easy it is to these damage joints for example heaving people around a bed without using correct equipment or illegal lifting a person under their arms.
Distention for many involuntary digestive movements. c. What do ANS neurons regulate with regard to mechanical digestion? What are the possible responses? The ANS neurons regulate involuntary smooth muscular movements. The response is either increased or decreased contraction of the muscularis.
The serous membrane secretes serous fluid into the space between the visceral and parietal layers that allows smooth movement between the layers, when the heart beats. The Myocardium: The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart and is composed of specialised muscle tissue called as the cardiac muscle, on which the circulation of blood depends. It varies in thickness, being thickest in the left ventricle, thinner in the right ventricle and thinnest in the artrium. The Endocardium: The endocardium forms the inner linging of the heart is a thin, smooth, glistening membrane consisting of flattened epithelial cells which is continuous with the valves and with the lining of the blood
This system contains two major types of neurons: sensory neurons (or afferent neurons) that carry information from the nerves to the central nervous system, and motor neurons (or efferent neurons) that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers throughout the body. The Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as blood flow, heartbeat, digestion and breathing. This system is further divided into two branches: the sympathetic system regulates the flight-or-fight responses, while the parasympathetic system helps maintain normal body functions and conserves physical
• Be sure you know the root words and their meanings • Name and describe the three connective tissue layers found in a muscle: These layers allow parts to move on their own and also provide and area for blood vessels and nerves to move through. o Epimysium: The epimysium closely surrounds skeletal muscles. o Perimysium: This connective tissue divides muscle tissue into little segments. o Endomysium: This is a thin covering that houses bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles. • Define: antagonist, synergist, prime mover o Synergist: a muscle that assists the action of a prime mover o Antagonist: A muscle that act in opposition to a prime mover o Prime Mover: muscle primarily responsible for producing an action • List the various ways that muscles are named.