Through examining the collapse of Rome through Watson’s ‘Spectrum and Pendulum’ and analysing the legacies of the Roman Empire, this essay looked at how the European system was influenced by the legacy of the Roman Empire. From the fall of the Roman Empire in 476AD through to Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire in the 9th century, western Europe went through a period of great difficulty. The population of western Europe managed to preserve some of its Roman civilisation, firstly through the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Charlemagne, ‘restoring’ the original Roman Empire. Secondly, Italy, Spain and France retained varieties of the Latin language, which became the Romance languages of today. Lastly, the population remained or became Catholic, and were organised and represented by the Catholic Church.
Rome had a tremendous impact on the Church, and the results of it form the world over the next millennium. Shortly after the fall of Rome to the Germanic people, Byzantine culture took root. There was however another civilization emerging from the eastern horizon. Islam. Before Islam many of the Arab tribes religions were based on their clans’ gods.
The Forgotten Christian World Christianity in all its forms began in the Middle Eastern region during the 1st century C.E., but as it became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the Western Mediterranean, denominations that disagreed with the specific beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church were forced out of Roman-controlled regions and found refuge in Persian-controlled lands. Without the constraints of the Roman theocratic government, these denominations were free to expand and spread deep into the Asian continent. For the first one thousand years of the Common Era, while Christians throughout Europe were struggling to convert and dominate the indigenous religions they encountered, Christianity was able to coexist peacefully as the minority religion in the Middle East and Asia. This coexistence was possible perhaps because these Christians found themselves in the midst of the more tolerant and accepting religions and cultures of Buddhism and Hinduism in China and India, and even early Islam in the Middle East. It is possible that the influence of these religions is the reason that Eastern Christians exhibited a
[pic] [pic] Pablo Marín Vera 4ºB [pic] Baroque is an artistic style that was born in Italy and was spread to all Europe, it has a special importance in Spain and Spanish American. The term Baroque is used to describe the art, sculpture, architecture and music in the period between the years 1600 to 1750. It is also defined as the period between the end of Renaissance and the beginning of Neoclassicism, although between Renaissance and Baroque it was interspersed another great stylistics stage called Mannerism. Besides, at the end of Baroque came up another interesting stage, Rococo, connected to Baroque but in an extreme way, with a lot of interest and care on the characteristics of the period. The word Baroque comes from the Portuguese, and means “fake jewellery” or “irregular pearl”.
The Italian Renaissance marks the end of the Middle Ages, and was born out of a rapidly evolving society. The Italian Renaissance had roots in Romanesque and Byzantine traditions. The term renaissance means “rebirth” and marked the end of the middle ages and the beginning of the modern world. Many famous artists came from the Italian Renaissance, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The Italian Renaissance laid the foundation for Western values and traditions (Web Museum).
Ottonian Period At Charlemagne's death, his empire was divided among his heirs and as it gradually weakened, shrank into small principalities with little centralized authority, much resembling modern Europe. Western Europe was invaded by Vikings, Danes, Magyars, and Slavs, draining much energy and resources from art and culture. This period lasted for over a century until Otto the Great won a victory over the Magyars in 953. Ten years later, Otto was crowned Augustus in Rome, and became Emperor of what was to be called the Holy Roman Empire. Otto, as Augustus, could trace his imperial lineage from Augustus to Constantine to Charlemagne, and the symbolic impact of this "genealogy" would deeply affect Ottonian art and architecture.
Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus on the Asiatic side. After siding with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. [1] Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, now emperor, and quickly regained its previous prosperity. It was bound to Perinthos during the period of Septimius Severus. The location of Byzantium attracted Roman Emperor Constantine I who, in 330 AD, refounded it as an imperial residence inspired by Rome itself.
Renaissance Period The Renaissance was a great cultural movement that began in Italy during the early 1400’s. It spread to England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and other countries in the late 1400’s and ended in the 1700’s. It is one of the most beautiful, names in history(Wikipedia 1). It is beautiful because it shows an awakening of awareness. During this period of time, the modern world was born as Gutenberg perfected printing, Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas, Copernicus found that the earth revolved around the sun, Martin Luther founded a new religion, the use of the cannon and the harquebus ended chivalry and da Vinci and Michelangelo created a new form of art.
This write up is an assessment of whether the reformation was a direct outcome of renaissance in Europe. However, this essay is of the view that the reformation was a direct outcome of renaissance. The Reformation could not have occurred without monumental crisis of the medieval church 1during the renaissance papacy. It was a period of darkness concerning the teachings of the Bible. Most of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church were dogma that could not be challenged or refused by Christians of the middle ages.
The High Renaissance occurred in Milan, Florence smaller bits scattered here and there throughout northern and central Italy but it was centered mostly in Rome and mostly support by the Popes. The Sack of Rome, in 1527, marked the end of the High Renaissance. Two of the most important Renaissance artists in Rome were Michelangelo (1475-1564)) and Raphael (1483-1520). One of the most famous paintings of Leonardo da Vinci was the Mona Lisa. This piece of art work is of a woman dressed in black cape and dress.