Explanations for how cognitive processes work are known as information processing theories or models. This model suggests that information is added from the environment into the mind of students. If the students are paying attention that information will register and then goes to the short term memory and later encoded to the long term memory where it can be retrieved at a later time. Based on this model, I now realize that demonstrations allow me to encode information to my long term memory as a result learning takes place. According to B.F Skinner learning and motivation to learn are caused by external forces.
Operant Conditioning University of Phoenix PSY/390 2011 Operant Conditioning The operant conditioning is a fundamental theory in psychology and is also known as instrumental conditioning. This theory emphasizes the use of consequences to alter certain occurrences and forms of behavior. Furthermore, learning is the outcome of rewards and punishments used as consequences for specific behaviors. B. F. Skinner is one of the most famous behaviorists who initiated the operant conditioning theory, and until today, most theorists refer to it as the “ Skinnerian Conditioning” to further their studies. Skinner established his theory from Thorndike’s earlier work and demonstrates that the most efficient way to understand behavior is by observing the causes of people’s actions, based on the effect of reinforcement or punishments.
Coping styles and the forms of psychopathology (depression and anxiety) have been found to be implicated in the measure of psychological mindedness (PM; Nyklicek, Poot, & Opstal, 2010; Nyklicek & Denollet, 2009). It is important to form a clear understanding in the manner of these relationships as they may contribute to psychological interventions and emotional insight (McCallum & Piper, 1990). Overall, PM is considered to be a valuable predictor of an individuals’ psychological wellbeing. PM is defined as a persons’ deliberate intent (interest) and ability (insight) to come to terms with and reflect upon their own psychological
Behaviourists are convinced that behaviour is determined by conditioning and this can be reinforced by positive or negative rewards. Positive rewards will ensure that the behaviour will be repeated while negative rewards will lead to ceasing of that behaviour. The early behaviourists were even claiming that if given neutral youngsters they would be able to mould them into ways of behaving suited for a particular purpose. It is here where psychoanalysts would argue that human behaviour cannot be measured or just reduced to stimulus response. Both behaviourists and psychoanalysts would deny the existence of a free will.
Cherry (2009), “Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment” (para 1). B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as, B.F. Skinner, was a behaviorist and studied operant conditioning. According to Cherry (2009), “Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (para 1). Skinner elaborated on Edward Thorndike’s observations that behavior was controlled by consequences of the actions.
(Eggen et al, 2013)In summary classical conditioning causes a person to produce an existing response to a new stimuli whereas operant conditioning allows them to learn new responses as a consequence to said stimuli (Sammons, 2009).It is possible that behavioural based learning can be enhanced by a community of practice. When people feel a part of something and acquire a sense of belonging this can create a positive environment for productivity and learning. | Classical Conditioning:Pavlov – Salivating DogHere is a YouTube link demonstrating this experiment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI(bullyingnewsvideos, 2008)Operant Conditioning:Skinner – Pecking PigeonsHere is a YouTube link of this experiment:
OPERANT CONDITIONING Name: Institution: OPERANT CONDITIONING Abstract The psychological effects in a human being relate to the exposure received from the environment. Throughout child hood to adult hood, we exhibit a change in behavior. It is through this that operant conditioning is used in observing and punishing a given behavior. This paper gives a detailed explanation on what operation condition is all about, examples presented to learn from operant conditioning and the types of operant conditioning prevailing in the psychology world. The aim is to link responses and consequences that arise from the human behavior, how these behaviors relate directly to the environment that a human being is immediately placed.
Operant Conditioning Dameka Towner PSY/390 Juanita Harb Operant Conditioning In the field of psychology operant or instrumental conditioning is defined as a method of learning that occurs through rewards or punishment for behavior (Cherry, K. 2013). In other words, the behavior is conditioned through positive or negative reinforcements. In this paper the theory of operant conditioning will be explained in detail by comparing and contrasting positive and negative reinforcements, determine which reinforcement is more effective and why, and an example will be giving of how operant conditioning has shaped a behavior in my life. Furthermore, I will create a reinforcement schedule for my selected behavior I have chosen. Theory of Operant Conditioning In the 1930s, a psychologist by the name of B. F. Skinner extended the ideal of Edward Thorndike’s a theorist of behaviorism.
Running Head: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective [Name of the Student] [Name of the Institution] Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning also called respondent conditioning; packaging type I or Pavlovian conditioning is a concept of behaviourism proposed by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. This theory focuses on the learning achievements due to the association between stimuli of the environment and automatic reactions in the body. This notion of involuntary reaction is the main point that differentiates the operant conditioning. It is a learning theory that states that a natural, mostly innate, unconditioned reflex can be added by learning a new conditioned reflex. The assumptions and techniques of classical conditioning can also be used to treat anxiety, compulsive behaviours or anxiety-like symptoms.
Behaviourist also believed behaviour can be changed by conditioning. During the progression of behaviourism, two learning theories were established to explain how different stimulus affected behaviour. These theories are: Classical conditioning was one of the first behaviorist model. The basic premise is behavior tendencies are in response to immediate stimuli. The theory identified that behavior which a naturally occurring or reflexive can be induced by pairing a stimulus with a response.