Later in the year, Anatolian surrendered the city to the Byzantines, not the crusaders. They then met once again and together defeated the Turkish army, scoring a great victory and boosting their ego. Afterwards, the crusaders went and captured the city of Antioch, and then moved on to their goal, Jerusalem. For the next generation or so, the crusaders kept control over the Holy Land and invite their people to come inhabit the city. The crusaders used the strategy of isolating and cutting off supplies that could lead to strengthening to the Muslims and Egyptians.
Through their high degree of centralization and unity along with religious zeal behind them, the Ottomans conquered much of southern and eastern Europe, western areas of Asia and parts of northern Africa. Austria-Hungary was the result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 whereby it was decided the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary would form a constitutional monarchical union and split the lands territorially, both controlling their own parts and sharing equal status. By analysing the collapses of both empires and trying to derive the causes I will categorize my study into three parts. The first section will consist of analysing the Ottoman Empire independently and why it collapsed. Secondly I will independently analyse the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and its reasons for collapse.
6. The first Crusaders, led by Godfrey of Bouillon and other French lords, marched from Constantinople through lands held by the Seljuk Turks to Antioch. Along the way, they battled isolated Turkic forces, and Godfrey’s brother Baldwin stopped to set up the first Crusader State at Edessa. After a long siege, the Crusaders captured Antioch as well. Held in 1096-1099.
He was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Interesting Facts about Constantine His birth name was Flavius Valerius Constantinus. The city of Constantinople was the largest and richest city during the Middle Ages until it fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Today it is the city of Istanbul, the capital of Turkey. He sent his mother Helena to the Holy Land where she found pieces of the cross that Jesus was crucified on.
In the Austrian empire serfdom was increased, Protestantism was ended, and they achieved absolutism. (Chapter Outlines ) During this time Ferdinand III created a standing army, centralized the government in Austria, and turned toward Hungary for land. (Absolutism in Austria and Prussia) The eastward turn led Austria to become absorbed in a war against the Turks over Hungary and Transylvania. (Absolutism in Austria and Prussia) During this time Emperor Leopold I, lead a "Holy League" against the Turks which resulted in the War of the Holy League. The Turks laid siege to Vienna but he successfully repelled the Turks; which was the last attempt by the Ottoman Empire to take control of Eastern Europe.
Dakota Crawley 11/19/13 World History 2.03 The Crusades The First Crusade "It all started with the leader Godfrey of Bouillon. They started at Constantinople and marched through land that was held by the Seljuk Turks to Antioch. During there march Godfrey's brother who was named Baldwin set up the first Crusaders State at Edessa." The Second Crusade "This crusade was led by King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. They were leading their armies to the holy land.
Within each country the Church was self-governing and independent, but everyone in that country has an overall allegiance to the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Orthodox Church was the main denomination of the Ottoman empire which was located in eastern Europe and Asia Minor. The Largest Christian denomination of the Late Middle Ages was the Roman Catholic Church. As the Mother of Christianity and the main guideline to the later branches of Christianity, the Roman Catholic Church was under a lot of pressure during the late Middle Ages. In some cases the Church didn’t live up to their prestige and was forced to reform, like at the Council of Trent.
Halabja is the Kurdish Auschwitz; not because the scale of the massacre was comparable with that of the Nazi death camp, but because the victims were chosen merely because they were Kurdish civilians.” In the beginning before the genocide, Armenians, Kurds and Turks lived in relative harmony in the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Armenians were known as the "loyal millet". As many other Christian groups began to gain independence, the Armenians became more isolated as the only major Christian minority. Armenians and Turks began to have conflicting ideas of the future. Some Armenians began to call for independence like the Greeks and others had already received, while some Turks began to visualize a new Pan-Turkic empire spreading all the way to Turkic speaking parts of Central Asia.
Vol. 1 ‘The King’s majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England.’ With these words the Act of Supremacy of 1534 put a formal end to the medieval Church of England. It set aside the centuries-old concept of ecclesiastical and temporal administration sharing power as twin authorities, and established in England the Erastian church which has been so prominent a feature of the country ever since. In retrospect we can see the acts as an expression of nationalism which in the sixteenth century was growing rapidly in many parts of Europe. We can compare it with the eager way in which some contemporary German princes were adopting Lutheranism in order to govern the church within their boundaries, or with the later insistence of such outstanding Catholic kings as Philip II and Louis XIV that they should have effective control of the appointment of Spanish and French Bishops.
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثمانیه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye;[4] Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in north-western Anatolia in 1299. [5] With the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II in 1453, the Ottoman state was transformed into an empire. [6][7][8] During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire, controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. [9] At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. [dn 2] With Constantinople as its capital and control of vast lands around the Mediterranean basin, the empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for over six centuries.