The Functions of the Family – Sociological Perspectives

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2. The Functions of the Family – Sociological Perspectives Considered by functionalists to be society’s ‘cornerstone’ (Steel & Kidd, 2001), most individuals form part of a family at some stage of life, irrespective of gender, race, social class or culture, creating the functionalist view that families are ‘essential, inevitable and universal’ (Flowers and Flowers, 3/1/14). However, not everyone shares this positivity, Marxists and feminists believe families to be institutions of conflict, utilised as tools of oppression. This essay will outline and evaluate functionalist, Marxist and feminist theories relating to the family and apply these perspectives to the modern-day. Functionalists claim that society is a system with each part making-up the whole through a system of interdependence. The harmony and cooperation that is paramount to this view is maintained through value consensus. That is, for society to be successful, ordered and integrated, everyone must agree on what is important and good, achieved by teaching and promoting shared values which create a common identity (ibid). Murdock (1949) states that families perform four essential functions; regulating and stabilising sexual relationships; reproduction through procreation; economic provision and primary socialisation (ibid). Parsons (1955) argues that nuclear families in post-industrialised societies, are more ‘specialised’ and isolated, particularly as independent units of consumption, due to factors such as increased geographical mobility and the breakdown of the extended family. This has reduced the essential functions to two; primary socialisation and stabilisation of adult personality (ibid). This stabilisation is seen as the ‘warm bath theory’, whereby the family provides a loving and supportive haven from the stresses of modern life, primarily for the patriarchal figure fulfilling the
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