It is believed that the Humoral Concept comes from the ancient Greeks. The word humoral is derived from the word humor and it also means fluid. According to the principles of Western Medicine it is believed that the human body contained a mix of four humors. The four humors consisted of black bile (melancholy), yellow or red bile, blood, and phlegm (Contagion, n.d., para 1). Each one of the four humors had their own distinct make-up.
Medical Terminology-Spring 2013 Endocrine Quiz Name______________________________________________________________________ 1. The excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex may result in: A) Cushing syndrome B) Graves disease C) cretinism D) myxedema E) C and D 2. Exophthalmos is a disorder caused by hypersecretion from the: A) pineal gland B) thyroid gland C) pancreas D) gonads E) parathyroid gland 3. Which of the following disorders is caused by hypersecretion of thyroxine? A) toxic goiter and Graves disease B) myxedema and cretinism C) Graves disease and Cushing syndrome D) Cushing syndrome and Addison disease E) Graves disease and Addison disease 4.
The effects of ethanol and nicotine on the cardio vascular system in Lumbriculus variegatus Introduction: The importance of the circulatory system was first suggested by William Harvey in 1628. In this experiment the effects of drugs on the cardio vascular system will be tested and studied specifically on the pulsation rate. The role of the cardio vascular system is the distribution of oxygen, nutrients and resources, as well as the removal of waste products, certain factors that affect these processes may be various gases, chemicals consumed may upset the ph or interfere with other physiological processes, certain chemicals may stimulate or inhibit physiology in an organism. The test subject that will undergo treatment is the blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus, blackworms are suitable because of the visibility of pulse through their transparent skin, the pulse is observed under the microscope travelling from tail to head in the dorsal blood vessel blackworms are low maintenance organisms, ideal to use in the laboratory and finally are easier to treat, by just exposing them to chemicals they undergo changes with physiological functions (as opposed to mice that need to be inhaled, fed or injected with treatments). Lumbricalis variegates cardio vascular system has a myogenic nature(myogenic-depolarisation impulses for heartbeats originating in muscle cells), the dorsal and ventral blood vessels have peristaltic pumps (Halfmann & Crisp 2011).
In terms of biochemistry, chemical imbalances in the brain may be involved in certain mental illnesses. Neurotransmitters, for example, play a very important part in behaviour – one theory links depression to low levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and noradrenaline. However, the relationship between neurotransmitters and depression is very complex and therefore, more research is needed to discover the exact link between this and the disorder. People suffering from depression, also often have high levels of the hormone cortisol. Cortisol is sometimes referred to as a ‘stress hormone’ because it is produced in times of stress.
For example, if someone has a fever they would have been thought to have had too much blood in their body. The logical cure therefore is to 'bleed' the patient. Use of the Four Humours as a diagnostic tool would result in doctors looking for symptoms: the first time that clinical observation of a patient was recorded. On the other hand ancient Egyptians believed there were channels in the body. The Egyptians developed a theory of physiology that saw the heart as the centre of a system of ‘channels'.
One of the biological theories of schizophrenia is the Dopamine Hypothesis. This is a biochemical explanation that suggests the disorder is caused by an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. The main evidence for this has come from studies on both living and post-mortem brains of sufferers from schizophrenia, and also from observations made during drug therapies. This theory acts as one explanation of how the genetic theory may work, in that certain genes that
If I put a mixture of potting soil and oil/vinegar/laundry detergent it will make four different types of dirty water. Yes, the experiment did confirm my hypothesis since when I added the soil mixture in it did make four dirty types of filthy water. 2. What affects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Which contaminant seemed to have the most potent effect on the water?
There is a deficiency of a specific enzyme in the precursors which actually determines the type of Porphyria. These enzymes are involved in the formation of "heme," a substance important to many body functions and found in largest amounts as hemoglobin in the bone marrow, red blood cells, and the liver. (Levin, 2007) Environmental factors, such as drugs, chemicals, diet, and sun exposure can, depending on the type of Porphyria, greatly influence the severity of symptoms. Porphyrin and Porphyria are derived from the Greek word porphyrus which means purple. According to the American Porphyria Society, “The inherited Porphyrias are either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive and autosomal genes always occur in pairs, with one coming from each parent.
Unfortunately, Fen-Phen also ended up stimulating the serotonin 2B receptor, which eventually led to the problems with the heart (Madrigal, 2008). In September 1997 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a voluntary withdraw of Fen-Phen by the drug company. This action was based on new findings from doctors who had evaluated patients taking these two drugs with echocardiograms, a special procedure that can test the functioning of heart valves. These findings indicate that approximately thirty percent of patients who were evaluated had abnormal echocardiograms, even though they had no symptoms. This was a much higher than expected percentage of abnormal test results.
Nature versus nurture is one of the many questions scientists and theorists try to understand. Basically, is it genetics, the environment or a culmination of one or more contributing factors? According to some studies, not only genetics can contribute but many other variables like classic conditioning, family dynamics, environment and a whole plethora of things. For example, “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity inappropriate for the child’s age. Research has shown that ADHD is more prevalent in boys and runs in families, apparently for both genetic and environmental reasons” (R. Kolwalski, D. Westen, 2011).