Sharpe writes that serious opposition only emerged with the Bishops’ wars in 1637, followed by the attack on Charles government by parliament which led to the calling of the long parliament in 1640 and the end of the personal rule. In contrast, Morrill argues that significant opposition existed long before this, such as the formation of the ‘Godly party’ and the inflexible aspects of Charles personality, which also played key roles in the lead up to war and the long parliament. 1637 things people opposed It can be seen that Charles’ faced great opposition to his personal rule in the last three years of his personal rule. However, nothing was as breathtaking in terms of effects one the rule as was the Ship Money trial of 1637. This caused huge uproar as John Hampden was put to trial after he refused to pay the Ship Money tax.
I also intend to discuss in minute detail the Siege of Derry because I think it is very relevant when studying James of England. Finally, in my essay I plan to discuss what is, in my opinion, James’ greatest failure in Ireland, The Battle of the Boyne. This is undeniably the factor that finalised James’ downfall and was his last hope for regaining his title as king. James II was undoubtedly a major figurehead in Irish history. When he became king in 1687, James set out to seek equality for Catholics which caused extreme controversy and affected both England and Ireland.
Why was there Civil war in the second half of the 16th century, but not the first? During the period 1559 to 1598, there were nine individual wars that pitted new radical Protestants against the traditional conservative Catholics. However, even before 1559, the growth of Calvinism and Lutheranism amongst many European states meant that religious tensions were nothing less than a formality. So why was it that after 1559, civil war in France was a common occurrence whereas before it was practically unheard of? There are several reasons and causes for the wars, including growing religious tensions, weak monarchs, foreign intervention, the role of Catherine de Medici and the existence of weak Kings coupled with strong Nobles.
Shehab Amin How important was Buckingham in the breakdown of relations 1625-29? Between the years 1625 and 1629 Charles’ favourite the Duke of Buckingham had a huge influence on English politics, the breakdown of relations between Crown and Parliament can be said to be because of how he used this power directly, for example the military failures at this time and relations with France, which he was directly behind. But as a separate point of conflict was religion, the rise of Armenianism. Other factors however such as tonnage & poundage, did cause problems with Charles but again without Buckingham these wouldn’t have been major points of conflict. In 1625 Buckingham decided England needed a new ally in Europe in France after the failure of the Spanish match, they could see diplomatic advantages, France was becoming worried about the successes of the Hapsburg Spanish and might be persuaded to take part against them.
Between 1547 and 1558 England was almost torn apart by religious revolution. Assess the validity of this claim. (45 marks) A religious revolution is the complete change and reform of religious organisation. This is something that arguably occurred in England between 1547 and 1558, during which time there were two monarchs – Edward VI and Mary I, with opposing religious beliefs. During Tudor England, religious identity was extremely important, and therefore religious ‘revolution’ was obviously going to affect the people and the country significantly.
‘Arminianism was the most important cause of conflict between Crown and Parliament in the years 1625 to 1629’ explain why you agree or disagree with this view. Arminianism was important for the collapse of the relationship between Crown and Parliament to a certain extent, as religious conflicts were an underlying theme throughout the period of 1625 to 1629. Furthermore many Puritans feared that Charles was trying to push towards Arminianism, and so did everything they could to prevent this, causing much tension. However due to Charles’ personal monarchy, he shaped the way he wanted the country to be run thus was the root cause of the deterioration in the Crown-Parliament relationship. The most important factor and root for all of the problems was Charles.
The Late Middle Ages was a time of great social, political and military upheaval in Western Europe. Of the numerous major events which marked the age, the Hundred Years’ War was perhaps one of the most significant. The term Hundred Years War is a relatively modern invention meant to describe a series of protracted wars waged by two royal houses, the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, over who was the rightful sovereign of the Kingdom of France. The conflict, which lasted from 1337 to 1453, had numerous consequences for both England and France. For the purposes of this paper I shall focus primarily on the aspects of military innovation and revolution while attempting to describe how these innovations relate to the political and social changes which also occurred during the period.
Nor were sinners punished as frequently. Roger Williams convinced many people to break apart from the Church of England, even though he himself was an English Protestant minister. He realized that the Church was becoming too lenient and weren’t punishing those who had broken the Ten Commandments. When asked if to be the teacher of the Boston Church, he was compelled to decline, claiming that it was not separated from the English Church. He believed he had to start his own church due to the “corruptness” of the Church of England.
The King was a keen theologian, and was prepared to incorporate evangelical ideas into his new Church where he saw fit. But he wasn't comfortable with the alterations, and from 1539 onwards he reversed most of his previous policies. In 1539 the Act of Six Articles returned the Church to unambiguous Catholic orthodoxy apart from papal supremacy. Amongst other things, transubstantiation and auricular confession were reaffirmed. Clerical marriage, which had crept in, was condemned, and vows of chastity were now held to be unbreakable.
Martin Luther was a well-educated German monk who developed strong opinions against the Roman Catholic Church. Luther wanted an end to the greed which was leading the Church away from the true message of Christ. Luther attempted to allow christians to focus more God's mercy than his judgements. Martin Luther had strong foundations for a Reformation, which he never even planned on leading. Luther was confident and passionate about what he believed.