Alot of factors affect the recall of Eyewitness testimonies, from the time between the encoding of the event, to the retrieval of the memory, a lot can happen as the information is retained. Information could be adapted, twisted, removed and added to the point where the information is not the same as it entered. But a factor into the reliability of EWT is Age. All ages are becoming present in the courtroom due to the large range of crimes we see today. For example, children are being called to the stand due to child abuse cases, amongst all other ages that are called to give an eyewitness account for an incident.
More significant is that cases of cases of youthful offenders are on the rise on among the young female compared to their male counterparts and this situation is raising an alarm (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1999). Children who are at the risk of offending in the future are treated separately from the adults. This is given special attention reason being that they require rehabilitation to get back from the bad behavior unlike adults who require punishment. Intervention facilitates in changing the antisocial characteristics which, if not
Furthermore, child maltreatment is a consequential social problem. Youth’s who either witnessed or endured violence and abuse in the home are much more likely than those from nonviolent homes to participate in similar behaviour elsewhere (Flowers, 2002). Lastly, the link between poor parental supervision and juvenile convictions are closely related. American studies have shown that parents who have ineffective and lax monitoring of their children displayed a consistent pattern of delinquency (Arthur, 2007). American criminologist Travis Hirschi makes “attachment” (Walsh, 1991:108) the backbone of his control theory of delinquency.
Does the Adolescent Brain Make Risk Taking Inevitable? Adolescence College students and adolescents are more daring in taking risks than adults and children as evidenced by data and statistics on binge drinking, automobile crashes, crime and contraceptive use. However, trying to understand why adolescents take such risks than in any other developmental stage has been a challenge for psychologists for decades. Several theories to explain the adolescents more involvement in riskier behaviors have been developed, but only a few of them withstood empirical scrutiny (Harding, 2007). One of such theories is by Laurence Steinberg, who holds that brain science demonstrates that the adolescents’ brain plays a big role in influencing adolescents undertake riskier behaviors.
Why would Bandura argue for higher age restrictions on video games? The aim of Bandura's study was to demonstrate that if children were passive witnesses to an aggressive display by an adult they would imitate this aggressive behaviour when given the opportunity. He found that children were more than likely to imitate their model if they are the same gender, for example, boys showed more aggressive responses if the adult was male and tended to show more aggression. Video games tend to show rewards for bad behaviour, such as Grand Theft Auto rewards for stealing cars, therefore the observer has seen the model be rewarded so are more likely preform this behaviour. Interestingly Bandura reported that the aggression of the female model had a confusing effect on the children, perhaps because it did not fit in with their prior learning about what is culturally appropriate behaviour.
The report aims to: • Summarise the findings of Bandura et al (1963) on how children imitate aggressive behaviour that they have observed by another person in real life or in the media. • Give advice to parents of children on how violence observed by children in real-life or in the media can affect how children imitate this aggressive behaviour and how they should protect their children from such behaviour. Background Bandura et al (1963) carried out a research study with the aim of exploring the extent to which children imitate aggressive behaviour that they have observed carried out by another person (a model) in real life or in a film. Ninety-six children (equal number of boys and girls) aged between 3 and 6 years old were divided into four equal groups: Group 1 Each child was individually exposed to a real life person behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Half of group one saw a male model and the other half a female model.
For consumers, it is very difficult to reject the advertising “attraction” because the advertiser has already analyzed the reader as a target audience in terms of psychological, cultural, and social environment in order to produce “powerful messages.” And, when it becomes advertising to “children,” the concerns over “the persuasive power of advertising” are paid more attentions. As a result, a variety of debates and academic works on “children and advertising” has been developed in the last decade. The diversity of academic approach to “children and advertising” includes sociologists, psychologists, behavioral scientists, market researchers, lawyers, advertisers, children and parent’s organizations, national government, etc. Yet, this diversity and a great deal of debates have neither settled much concerns over “advertising to children” nor gotten rid of “the advertising targeted for children” from media. The structure of advertising messages will be analyzed in the fields of persuasion and media studies.
His foundation “People for Children” raises public awareness and influences public policy makers on issues such as child pornography, prostitution, and labor servitude. These three industries are said to generate $10 billion annually. In 2006, his foundation worked closely with Microsoft on a campaign that promoted child internet safety. Along with technology development, the need for stronger regulations on the internet to prevent exploitation of children is crucial. In this essay, I would like to discuss how the internet has facilitated the use of child pornography despite the many efforts to combat this unscrupulous market.
Cynthia Wagner states that, “The violent content of those games, particularly those favored by males, is of growing concern to families, schools, and policy makers. Gaming is participatory while television viewing is passive, so the risk may be greater that exposure to violent games will result in violent behavior.”(Wagner, 2004).With video gaming on the rise now, “Video games are in 80% of U.S. homes with children; they generated $6 billion in 2000 and $11 billion by 2003. All indications are that the industry will continue to grow at a healthy clip," says Professor Bradley Greenberg of Michigan State University. (As cited in Wagner, 2004, pg. 16)It has become a growing concern for adults who have begun to take note of the correlation between violent games and violent behavior in their children.
Since the early identification of developmental errors consequently assist private and public sector organizations to intervene and thus influence the effect that developmental delays may have on social, language and academic skills. In light of this background, it is critical to understand how both formal and informal assessments, when developmentally appropriate in design and purpose, are beneficial for early childhood. Childhood is divided into three groups for discussion: infants/toddlers (ages 0 through 2) and preschoolers (ages 3 through 6). This paper will focus on young children aged 3-6 years. Since young children are increasingly being assessed for an array of reasons, this can be disconcerting raising the question of the purposefulness of these assessments-assessment of children may be used for purposes as diverse as determining the level of functioning of individual children, guiding instruction, or measuring functioning at the program, community, or