The nuclear envelope and nucleolus also start to break up. The second phase of mitosis is Metaphase, during methaphse chromosomes composed of sister chromatids move toward the centre of the cell. Furthermore cells travel to Anaphase, the spindle fibers attached to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome contract and separate chromosomes which move to opposite poles of
Meiosis consists of 2 cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis starts with a diploid (2n) parent cell that divides to make 4 haploid (n) cells. In sexual reproduction, haploid gametes from two different individuals combine to produce a diploid zygote. The resulting offspring is genetically different from both parents. Chromosome characteristics: Haploid (n) = one set of chromosomes Diploid (2n) = two sets of chromosomes Eggs and sperm (gametes) are haploid Diploid set for humans: 2n = 46 Interphase before Meiosis: During the interphase preceding meiosis, DNA replication takes place.
The death cap mushroom toxicity can cause inhibition of RNA Polymerase II, the enzyme necessary for synthesis of mRNA. The body must be able to produce mRNA or else there will not be a template to make new protein. “Without mRNA essential protein synthesis and hence cell metabolism grind to a halt and the cell dies.” (Amanita phalloides, “ n.d.) DNA Polymerase are enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new complimentary strands, occurring at each fork and move from 5’ to 3’. When DNA Polymerase moves along the strands, new DNA is placed. Primase (RNA Polymerase)
Kinetochores are the protein area of the centromere on each sister chromatid. The centromere is the area where both the sister chromatids contact one another. There are two kinetochores for each chromosome. -the cell has a circular shape Metaphase -mitotic spindle has moved chromosomes to the middle of the cell -**chromosomes are
Transgenesis and Cloning Transgenesis is the process of inserting a gene from one source into a living organism that would not normally contain the inserted gene. The gene can come from the same species (called Cisgenesis) or from a different species entirely. To facilitate the transfer of genes from one organism to another, often a Transgenic Organism with Recombinant DNA is created: -The first step in creating an organism capable of carrying out the transformation process is to isolate the required gene. This is done so using Restriction Enzymes, which target a specific gene sequence. The gene is often cut with staggered ends, called “Sticky Ends” which only allow specific and complementary gene sequences bond by base pairing.
Conclusion 1. Explain the relationship between the following words – cells, genes, chromosomes, tissues, DNA, proteins. * * Tissues are made of cells that contain chromosomes made of DNA with regions called genes that code for proteins * 2. Explain why scientists probably used PCR when they prepared the DNA you’re your experiment. * * PCR is the process of copying DNA.
Chromosomes are a long, threadlike structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the cell nucleus pg 352 7. What are genes and how do they differ from chromosomes? Genes are a unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions; the chemical basis of heredity. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes, and each gene is a unit of DNA instructions for making a particular protein molecule. Matched sets of chromosomes provides you with two copies of each gene.
2. Copy the table and match the following terms with their definitions: Gene, traits, chromosome, DNA, Genetics, Asexual reproduction, Meiosis, homozygous, heterozygous, allele, phenotype, genotype Term Definition traits Characteristics passed from parents to offspring chromosomes Thread like structures in the nucleus which carry the genes. allele Alternative forms of a gene Gene A part of a chromosome that carries an instruction homozygous Pure breeding for a characteristic eg: TT for tall DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Genetics Study of Heredity Phenotype The appearance of an individual Geneotype The alleles an individual has for a particular gene. meiosis Two cell divisions resulting in sex cells that contain half the normal number of chromosomes Asexual Formation of new individuals without the production of reproduction sex cells heterozygoys Hybrid (containing two different alleles) eg: Tt (tall) 3. Answer True or False a) A chromosome is found in the nucleus of a cell.
Each genome contains the information needed to maintain and create the organism. The process of genetic engineering involves extracting of a small piece of cellular DNA, called a plasmid, from the bacteria if organism involved in the manipulation. A very small section of the circular plasmid is then cut out by the restriction enzymes which act as molecular scissors. The gene from the organism being modified is then inserted into this space and the plasmid is therefore modified. The genetically modified plasmid is now inserted and introduces into a new organism which starts divides rapidly.
Proteins are formed through condensation reactions which bond amino acids together with peptide bonds in a particular sequence and the type of protein that is created is defined by the unique sequence of the amino acids. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are formed in the nucleotides and are both involved in the process of protein synthesis. Deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as DNA, is located within the nucleus of the cell and contains the entire genetic code for an organism within its structure. DNA has two very important functions which are: to convey information from one generation of cells to the next by the process of DNA replication and to provide the information for the synthesis of proteins necessary for cellular function. Basically, DNA controls protein synthesis.