A high population density lowers the quality of life as there is little open space for people to take walks and to breathe in fresh air. In the Inner City the infrastructure is more established as the population density is higher and so the threshold is high enough for shops and businesses nearby, in the CBD. Whereas the threshold is not high enough on the rural-urban fringe as the range is higher, the occupants are usually more willing to travel to the centre of town to get their goods, this may be because they commute to work and so may already travel past a shop on the way. The majority of the major towns and cities have built themselves up by the industry meaning that there was a lot of work and business in the CBD. This is still the case,
Many towns and cities are impacted by these geographical issues, Sydney is one of them. Therefore they are in need of managements. Urban growth is caused by various pull factors, including better educational and employment opportunities, better facilities and the large variety of service industries. However urban sprawl, the continuous outward growth of urban area to great distance from the city centre, causes a number of problems within the society and its environment. For example, building infrastructures, managing waste disposal, the use of natural resources and energy consumption cost a substantial amount of money.
To What extent can Urban Areas be Sustainable? Urban sustainability is the idea that an urban area can function as normal and be organised without excessive reliance on its surrounding country side. It also suggests that urban areas should be developed so as to minimise the amount of non-renewable resources being used and also maximise efficiency within the city in terms of waste, pollution, transport and services. These problems are ever growing in large cities as they urbanise and due to large influxes of people living in the area, many cities experience overcrowding. This can lead to heavy traffic; vast amounts of waste, a lack of food, water and housing which are all the characteristics of an unsustainable city.
Evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline (40 marks) Urban decline is caused by many factors including the development of the suburbs, leading to migration of the upper and middle class workers but is mostly effected by de-industrialisation, resulting in big corporations leaving the region, taking skilled workers and trade with them and causing large scale unemployment. This can cause an even bigger spiral of decline as low income levels mean people can’t afford high quality housing, education or health and then investment into the area starts to leave which leaves the infrastructure to crumble and social standards start to slip. Therefore, to help encourage development in these areas, the government and the people often create schemes to help regenerate the area. One cause of urban decline is the emigration of workers out of an area usually into the suburbs in a search for a nicer environment and better quality of living. This can often lead to the abandonment of buildings which soon become overgrown and derelict.
Services in regional centres are incentivising the large movement of populations away from small towns. People are moving in large droves due to the perception that life in the major regional centres is better. The promise of employment, more government services, education are some of the reasons why people choose to leave. This however exacerbates the problem. With a declining population in small towns, public
However, in the late 19th Century, railways expanded and thus people were able to travel from further away. This meant that the rich had the option of living suburbs or the countryside so they moved out of the city houses which meant that Islington became abandoned. This was managed by having poorer people moving in but it meant that most homes became run down because it was expensive for repairs and redecoration. However, in the 1960s, middle class started to buy up the property because of its good transport links, affordable house prices and an increase in jobs. This meant that Islington slowly started to become a more desired place to live.
Housing prices in the privileged inner city are rising much faster than those of outer urban areas,potentially impeding inboard migration. (Holcombe, n.d,2014)Due to this, the market of house property situation will be tense, which reveals from that poor people are unable to afford the price of housing and they are forcing to live the fringe of the city where is not developed well. And the gaps between poor and rich areas will be emphasized by urban consolidation form by dividing them into different areas. Furthermore,people found that more emotional stress and psychological conditions are generated in high density areas. (Neuman,2005)The environmental aspects of urban consolidation is quite different with in developing the form of urban sprawl.
Firstly, we must identify the problems with transport in Urban Areas in the 21st Century. The first issue, an obvious one, is the significant increase in ownership of the car, leading to congestion on the roads which were not built for so many cars. The number of cars owned per family has grown from 30% in 1961, to just under 80% in 2012. According to an RAC Foundation Report, the number of cars owned has been increase by approximately 1.5% per annum, for the past 30 years. This has lead to a host of other problems.
Although there are many similarities between the development of Chicago and Chongqing, the speed and scale of Chongqing’s development is unprecedented and puts it in a class of its own. Chongqing is growing eight times as fast as Chicago had, averaging three hundred thousand new people a year. These citizens migrate to cities like Chongqing mainly for employment. In China, there is a massive pool of labor that will work for very low wages, as many Chinese individuals are used to surviving on less than two dollars a day. Combine inexpensive labor with modern factory technology, and one may understand the reason for huge investments in city expansion projects and infrastructure, and perhaps the Chinese competitive advantage.
Due to the absence of any form of state provision, private landlords provided the majority of housing. But, the Industrial Revolution brought about several social reformers and industrialists namely Robert Owen, Edward Ackroyd, Sir Titus Salt and Lord Leverhulme, who demonstrated what could be achieved in relation to decent accommodation on a relatively small scale. Only the working classes benefited from these schemes, but the lower classes living in the cities were living in appalling conditions. 1915 – 1939 The increase in owner occupation started from the time period between the first and second world wars when the Local Authority started to provide loans for house purchase and grants for building private residencies. This lasted for 10 years from 1923.