The Creation of Inequality

320 Words2 Pages
Sections 3 and 4 of "The Creation of Inequality" address the mutation of society from achievement-based societies in which members could gain individual prestige, to rank societies with hereditary nobility, to kingdoms built upon the forced union of rival chiefdoms (states), and then the formation of empires which entailed states battling and conquering each other. One theme that we see over and over again is that of a change in “social logic”. For example, it became acceptable to punish a person’s inability to reciprocate a gift by turning them into slaves, whereas before it simply left the debtor virtuously inferior. Sumptuary goods began to mark not only one’s achievements, but one’s hierarchical rank. Men’s houses and ritual houses in general were eventually replaced by temples, since it became more important to prostrate oneself to the ancestral deities of the noble class than to those of lower-class citizens. “War was converted to a strategy of territorial expansion” (pg. 210). Chiefdoms often battled each other over territory and power for hundreds of years, only succeeding when one of the societies gained an unexpected advantage and used that advantage to its full extent. Kingly power was consolidated by breaking down “the old loyalties of each province” and replacing them with “an ideology stressing loyalty to [the king]” (pg. 347). Kings “rewarded priests who were willing to verify his genealogical credential and revise his group’s cosmology, ensuring his divine right to rule” (pg. 347). Religion often played a role in the development from chiefdoms to monarchies. In some societies, the king was himself considered to be a god; Egyptian pharaohs required food even after they died (they had to contract with the priests in order to make this happen, thereby giving priests themselves considerable political power); In other societies, the ruler had religious
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