Many modified hemoglobin conditions don’t cause problems, but sometimes these mutations can affect the hemoglobin’s function. The hemoglobin is inside of the blood cell, and it is surrounded by a membrane. Several hundred variations of hemoglobin are known to exist. If the genes become damaged, they may not be able to produce normal amounts of hemoglobin. Usually, this damage will only affect of the two protein strains [alpha or beta].
A range of biological explanations for human aggression exists in psychology. One of these is the link between genetic factors and aggression. This explanation claims that aggressive behaviour is caused by the genetics passed down to a person and that certain genes predispose a person to be aggressive. This view has support from Sandberg (1961) who identified the XYY karyotype. This is an abnormality in the set of chromosomes found in men- instead of the normal 46 chromosomes men with the XYY gene will have 47.
The genetic factors can be subdivided into mutations and chromosomal activity during sexual reproduction. Genes, the basic unit of inheritance, are lengths of DNA that code for a specific protein or RNA molecule. A mutation is a change to the nucleotide sequence of DNA which frequently causes a gene to code for a different or non-functional protein (Campbell et al. 2005). This often results in a change in the characteristics of an organism.
A deleted phenylalanine residue is seen at the center of the putative first nucleotide-binding fold (NBF). According to Rommens et al. (1989), “the predicted protein has 1480 amino acids with a molecular mass of 163,138 Da.” Mutation in ΔF508, causes improper folding of the protein and is degraded by the cell, which affects the chloride, iodide, and thiocyanate channels. The channel responsible for movement of halogens in and out of the cell does not function efficiently due to the deposition. The most common ions in a human body, Sodium and chloride make up salt, which is lost in irreplaceable amount via sweat of individuals with cystic fibrosis.
108) And from the study of the few remaining pre- historic cultures, to identify the similarities and differences between human behaviour over a period of time. The study of genetics in particular DNA, provides evidence of the transmission of genes through generational and of any genetic mutations and there time scale. There is both cultural and historical evidence relating to natural and sexual selection covering strategies over a choice of mate & skills in raising & motivating offspring, Family size, the structure of extended family, and longevity. Data from the past can be deprived from pre-historic art and tool making and from skeletons depicting body size, brain size and prominent characteristics. The study of similarities and differences of
It requires a lot of energy to form certain products whose intermediate product is very unstable and hard to achieve. An ENZYME can help a reaction take place by reducing the ACTIVATION ENERGY of the reaction (the energy needed for the reaction to take place). The less energy needed for a reaction to take place, the more likely and more easily it can take place. A reaction that uses an enzyme (not all reactions use an enzyme), is called an Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction! Genes and Alleles * Genotype- is the information contained within two alleles.
There are, however, a number of environmental triggers and a number of genetic susceptibilities. Genetics The first mechanism may arise genetically. Research indicates that SLE may have a genetic link. SLE does run in families, but no single casual gene has been identified. Instead, multiple genes appear to influence a person’s chance of developing lupus when triggered by environmental factors.
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 5 1. a. Lethal alleles eliminate a progeny class that Mendel's laws predict should exist. b. Multiple alleles create the possibility of more than two phenotypic classes. c. Incomplete dominance introduces a third phenotype for a gene with two alleles.
Outline the biological approach to psychopathology. (5 marks) The biological approach to abnormality suggests that abnormality is caused by physical factors and implies that mental health is related to some type of physical change in the body. This can be caused by four factors: genes, biochemistry, neuroanatomy and viral infections. According to the biological approach, genetic inheritance is to blame for certain disorders, such as schizophrenia. This has been demonstrated via the use of monozygotic twin studies, due to their identical genetic make up.
Color of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain diseases are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-up of our biological parents. Those who adopt an extreme heredity position are known as nativists. Their basic assumption is that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution, and that individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. Characteristics and differences that are not observable at birth, but which emerge later in life, are regarded as the product of maturation.