The Black Hole of Kolkata

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The Black Hole of Calcutta was a small dungeon in the old Fort William, at Calcutta, India, where troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, heldBritish prisoners of war after the capture of the Fort on 19 June 1756. One of the prisoners, John Zephaniah Holwell, claimed that following the fall of the fort, British and Anglo-Indian soldiers and civilians were held overnight in conditions so cramped that many died from suffocation, heat exhaustion and crushing. He claimed that 123 prisoners died out of 146 prisoners held. However, the precise number of deaths, and the accuracy of Holwell's claims, have been the subject of controversy.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Background For more details on this topic, see History of Calcutta. Fort William was established to protect the East India Company's trade in the city of Calcutta, the principal town of the Bengal Presidency. In 1756, with the possibility of conflict with French forces, the British began building up the fort's strengths and defences. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, was unhappy with the company's interference in the internal affairs of his province and perceived a threat to its independence. He ordered an immediate stop to the Fort's military enhancement, but the Company paid no heed. As a consequence, Siraj organized his army and laid siege to the fort. The garrison's commander organised an escape and left a token force in the fort under the command of John Zephaniah Holwell, a one-time military surgeonwho was a senior East India Company bureaucrat. 146 British soldiers were left behind.[2] However, desertions by allied troops made even this temporary defence ineffectual, and the fort fell on 20 June. The surviving defenders, who numbered from 64 to 69, were captured as well as an unknown number of Anglo-Indian soldiers and civilians who had been sheltering in the fort.
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