In this review of the Three Psychotherapies that were implemented in the Gloria Tapes it is apparent how different the three approaches are even though they are all considered psychotherapy. The three therapies used on these tapes were the client centered approach by Carl Rogers, rational emotive theory by Albert Ellis and the Gestalt theory by Fritz Perls. In this review the three approaches will be examined to analyze the different therapies and interviewing techniques. In looking at the first approach Carl Rogers uses client centered therapy. Rogers’ approach seemed to me to be the most client friendly technique.
Perspectives of ADHD: Causes and Effects Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was once referred to as “mental restlessness” by Sir Alexander Crichton in 1798 (Wikipedia, 2012). ADHD is one of the most common psychiatric disorders diagnosed in children today. It affects almost five percent of children across the world (Foley, 2011). ADHD is defined as a “persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development” (Foley, 2011). The diagnosis is made based on behaviors and not seen as a neurological disease.
UNDERSTAND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS The psychiatric classification system There are two established classification systems for mental health disorders The first is The International Classification of Diseases (ICD). It is the standard diagnostic tool for clinical purposes, epidemiology and health management. The ICD classification for mental disorders consists of 10 main groups: F0 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders F1 Mental and behavioral disorders due to use of psychoactive substances F2 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders F3 Mood [affective] disorders F4 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders F5 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors F6 Disorders of personality and behavior in adult persons F7 Mental retardation F8 Disorders of psychological development F9 Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence The second is the classification system of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), consists of five axes (dimensions) of disorders. It therefore suggests to the diagnostician not to focus only on one clinical disorder, but as well to consider other important aspects. The five axes (dimensions) of DSM are: Axis I - Clinical Disorders (all mental disorders except Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation).
How do childhood and adolescent mental disorders compare (are similar to) and contrast (differ from) to adult mental disorders? The extent to which adult criteria should be applied to children should be decided on the basis of good empirical data about the phenomenology and continuity of disorders. In the case of obsessive – compulsive disorder, the phenomenology is remarkably similar in both childhood and adulthood, so there is not a problem. However, for depression the picture is different currently, ICD-10 and DSM-IV have few emotional disorder categories specific to childhood, and they are mostly subtypes of anxiety. Mood disorders are diagnosed according to adult criteria, with the consequence that most surveys of depression find prevalence rates of zero to under 8 years of age.
With things like diabetes, cancer and so on, the illness can be diagnosed by scans or blood tests. Schizophrenia and other mental illnesses have to be diagnosed and classified purely based on symptoms the patient is experiencing. Schizophrenia is particularly difficult to diagnose because it has many symptoms, some of which are similar to other mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder. This brings up the issue of differential diagnosis. Even some physical illnesses can cause symptoms that appear to be those of schizophrenia, for example temporal lobe epilepsy can have symptoms that can be mistaken for schizophrenia, and this can lead to misdiagnosis and a patient could end up being treated for the wrong illness completely.
Many sleep studies have been conducted and show that the amount and quality of sleep as well as erratic schedules can lead to poor academic performance in children. This can follow them into adulthood and show up as “diminished cognitive performance.” (Buckhalt, Wolfson, El-Sheikh, 2009) Any adolescents who self-inflicted injury upon themselves are at a much higher risk to commit suicide later, than ones who have never inflicted injury. (Crowell, Beauchaine, McCauley, Smith, Vasilev, Stevens, 2008) These conducts can be correctable and the child has every chance for success. What parent would not want their child to succeed? Psychologists can try to understand behaviors in order to allow that child to be successful.
A permissive style of parenting comprises of parents who set few rules or boundaries and those who do not supervise their children diligently. These types of parents include those who isolate themselves because of: concern over their child’s socially inappropriate behaviors; and fear of embarrassment from the public eye once the child begins an episode (Sikil-Kira, 2004). Often, these types of parents are under the process of finding themselves or in an identity crisis as supported by an anonymous online confession of parents with autistic children (Huffington Post, 2015). One of the participants noted that nothing about autism is easy – on either parent or patient side. It can either build or destroy a marriage.
Students with intellectual disabilities are at a greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases, more likely to be victims of sexual abuse, and socially inapt as compared to their non-disabled peers. The Center for Disability Information and Referrals supports sex education and believe it is crucial education that may be life saving. Students with intellectual disabilities, under federal law, Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA 2004), have the right to the same standard curriculum as their non-disabled peers. Students with intellectual disabilities often go into adulthood sexually ignorant and IEP teams are not consistent with the requirements of the federal law often leaving the task solely to the parents. Parents
Children who were excluded by their classmates had elevated levels of cortisol at school, the study found. These findings may indicate that exclusion is stressful. This was even more pronounced for excluded kids who had few friends or had friendships that were characterized as low in quality. "Together, the results demonstrate that although friends cannot completely eliminate the stress of exclusion at school, they do reduce it," according to Marianne Riksen-Walraven, professor of developmental psychology at Radboud University Nijmegen. SOCIAL CAN AFFECT OUR PHYSICAL HEALTH Close friendships are vital to health, happiness, and even workplace productivity.
In fact, it is becoming more of a situation as the number of homeschoolers swell. Homeschoolers are now being type casted as being socially awkward, nerds, and irresponsible; this by those who may have little to no exposure to them. An example of this is a writer named Jamie Holguin from CBS, who wrote that homeschoolers should be monitored because of the purported lack of accountability. This incorrect belief is started by rumors, and rumors lead to gossip, and the creation of stereotypes. Therefore, it is important to name common stereotypes and “clean the slate” on these falsities.