Zero Tolerance Policy Julie Thomas Arkansas State University Zero Tolerance Policy Introduction Several years ago, after the tragedy at Columbine, school districts around the nation initiated zero-tolerance policies aimed at the suppression of dangerous student behavior (Noll, 2012). In the beginning, the focus of zero tolerance was on the elimination of weapons but soon became the elimination of drugs whether legal or illegal (Noll, 2012). According to research , nearly 95 percent of schools in the United States, had zero-tolerance policies in 2006 and almost half of them reported taking serious actions against students (Noll, 2012). Those actions include expulsion, suspension, and transfer to an alternative school.
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Lincoln also declared a blockade of the Southern coast, an act of war that, arguably, recognized the status of the Confederacy as a belligerent nation rather than as a mere mass of individuals in rebellion against the Union (which Lincoln insisted they were). The suspension of habeas corpus was perhaps the most constitutionally significant of these acts. Often known as the Great Writ of Liberty, habeas corpus is the constitutionally authorized means by which a court may immediately assume jurisdiction over an arrested individual and inquire into the legality of the detention. If a court concludes that the detention is unlawful, it is empowered to immediately release the individual. In suspending the writ, Lincoln relied on the constitutional authorization that the framers had perceptively included years before in Article I, Section 9 (which reads, in part, “The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it”).
The Tinker Standard was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that defined the constitutional rights of students in U.S. public schools. The Tinker test is still used by courts today to determine weather a school's disciplinary actions violates student's first amendment rights. The Tinker Standard came about in December of 1965 in Des Moines, Iowa when John F. Tinker younger sister Mary Beth Tinker and friend Christopher Eckhardt decided to wear black armbands to their schools in protest of the Vietnam War and supporting the Christmas Truce called for by Senator Robert F. Kennedy. The principles of Des Moines previously adopted a policy that restricted students from wearing armbands to school. Any student who failed to follow the policy would be sent home immediately and suspended until they decided to follow the schools policy.
IDEA’s reauthorization further admission in 1997 for students with disabilities. Also, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), became a law in 2002, instructed that student functioning should be separated into groups, as well as disability and race, and pressed for better student results. Legislation and litigation influence the education of students with disabilities because in the mid 1960s and 1975, state legislatures, the federal courts, and the U.S. Congress implied effective educational rights for children with disabilities. All states were required to modify their state plans and policies to ensure compliance with the law. Legislatures from all states also passed approved laws mandating, fostering, and/or funding special education programs.
These resolutions declared that federal laws are invalid in their states and provided a classic statement in support of states’ rights (Kelly, 2012). These rights helped reject federal law and began the justification of strong states rights. This helped bring the southern states into the Civil War ("U.S. History Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium",
The case went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court where they said that prior restraint, except in rare cases, is unconstitutional for violating the First Amendment. However, it cited when prior restraint can be used, including that, “…primary requirements of decency may be enforced against obscene publications.” Minnesota lawmakers were later able to shut down Neal’s paper for
These gun owners maintain that an unregulated right to bear arms is guaranteed to citizens by the 2nd amendment and this position received support in a Supreme Court decision issued in 2008 which disallowed a Washington D.C. complete ban on handguns. Opponents of gun control argue that gun owners often use their weapons to deter crime and that handguns are most commonly used for this purpose. “Research also shows that many laws do not significantly diminish the number of guns used in violence, although many advocates of gun control assumed they would” (Zimring 48).Some studies have shown that such defensive use of weapons occurs at a much greater rate than the extent to which weapons are used in criminal activity although the validity of these studies is in dispute. Gun control opponents are generally law abiding citizens who put greater trust in individualism than in the government to protect their safety. They are concerned that each step toward greater gun control will lead to the eventual confiscation of all firearms.
Brown reports. "We have been basically selling every single thing we make," Mr. Fifer said on the call. But gun control is still one of Feinstein's highest priorities. She authored the 1994 assault-weapons ban, which expired in 2004 because Congress did not reauthorize it. One question being asked is how effective a ban on assault weapons would be in curbing gun violence.
The anti-gun control groups consider that banning of guns or restricting individuals on the possession of guns as unconstitutional (Brown & Abel, 2003). The anti-gun control groups support the Second Amendment, which protects the rights of civilians from undergoing infringement for a safe state. Individuals can acquire, possess, and use their guns for their own personal safety. The Gun Owners of America (GOA) refers to a lobbyist group preserving and defending the Second Amendment (Brown & Abel, 2003). This lobbyist group considers the right to acquire and possess guns as a freedom issue among the civilians.