Because of antibiotic resistance antibiotics are becoming less and less effective. When your body builds up immunity to the pathogens; the pathogens mutate and become a similar but at the same time different disease and are able to attack the cells. Natural selection is the reason what is causing the mutations (Maclean, Hall, Perron, & Buckling, 2010). Natural selection is one of the mechanisms of evolutions. The way that the infectious pathogens are becoming stronger is just like the scenario that Darwin refers too with the beetles.
This kind of Staphylococcus aureus is called “MRSA”, referred to methicillin-resistant S. aureus. This bacteria are multi-resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, meaning that they are resistant to different kinds of antibiotics, such as penicillin, methicillin, dicloxacillin and cephalosporin. As the process goes, that normal Staphylococcus aureus are being killed by penicillin antibiotic, and the ones that are resistant survived and keep on reproducing, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is penicillin resistant spread in the community and its amount kept on increasing. This made natural selection to occur, which the bacteria that are antibiotic resistance are suitable ones and they survived in
The Methods Behind Targeted Chemotherapy Emily A. Abstract The use of the drug Cisplatin through the method of isolated infusion is the ideal use of targeted chemotherapy. Cisplatin works by molecularly targeting the guanine base in DNA, but if it were given through a general IV it would bond with all cells with guanine bases and not exclusively the cancerous cells. Therefore when the drug is administered through isolated infusion (a form of targeted delivery) it will only affect the ‘isolated’ cancerous area. This method of chemotherapy is controversial because if the procedure is not properly conducted the Cisplatin will spread and healthy organ systems could be destroyed. Yet the benefits outweigh the risks by far because if the procedure is done correctly all the cancerous cells in that isolated area will be eliminated entirely.
There are many characteristics of older cells which include; the appearance of protein and lipofuscin this is what slows down the cellular process.an increase in cell organelles called lysosomes, which contain enzymes that break down cells. However, an increased number of abnormal chromosomes because of damaged DNA. Beauty products now make us believe that it will slow down the ageing of our skin, however scientist have proven that by consuming fruit and vegetables which contain antioxidant we can protect our cells against oxidants that can damage our DNA. If Andy was not to eat as many vegetables as he should he may start to look older than he actually is. If he was to moisturise and not eat as many vegetables, he may not see a change to his skin.
Escherichia Coli is a beneficial function in the human body because it synthesizes useful vitamins such as Vitamin K. E. coli also acts as competition in the intestine by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria that may be present or ingested. Escherichia Coli is considered an opportunistic pathogen because generally it is a harmless bacteria, but when the intestinal barriers are compromised, even typical E. coli can cause infections. Other E. coli have acquired virulence factors and can cause disease even in healthy people. They are known as pathogenic E. coli and there are six main groups: enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enterohemorragic, enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative, and diffusely adherent. We will discuss these more in detail later on.
Vaccination is the process by which pathogenic cells are injected into a healthy person in an attempt to cause the body to develop antibodies to a particular virus or bacteria. Success in this process results in immunity to the virus or bacteria. Immunity is when the body is protected from harmful substances. Vaccinations can be both beneficial and harmful in some aspects. Beneficial in the way it helps the overall population and harmful for its side effects are not always certain.
But an injury can inflame the cornea without a secondary infection occurring. Viral keratitis occurs quite commonly and the types of viruses include: Adenovirus, which is one of the causes of upper respiratory infections. Herpes simplex type 1, and Varicella zoster. Bacterial keratitis occurs less often than viral keratitis. Infectious keratitis usually begins by affecting the outer layer of the cornea, but it can go deeper into the cornea, increasing the risk of impaired vision.
Bacterial infections can usually be treated with anti-biotics however some types of bacteria can form a protective spore which can make them more resistant to heat and chemicals. The requirements for optimum growth are is a temperature of 37c, water, food, time, oxygen/ no oxygen. Common illnesses caused by bacteria are Salmonella, tuberculosis, MRSA, bronchitis, ear infections and tonsillitis. Virus-tend to be smaller than bacteria and in order for the cells to reproduce they need to be in a living host. The common way of treating a virus is through immunization as anti-biotics will not be effective against viral infections.
Part 1- Dosage (in mg.) a. )Uses for Chloramphenicol The Drug Chloramphenicol, though no longer a commonly prescribed medication, is very successful for the treatment of a wide range of infections. Chloramphenicol is classified as a broad spectrum antibiotic. This medication works well against gram-positive, as well as gram-negative organisms, interfering with the process of protein synthesis, the process essential for bacterial growth Chloramphenicol was once considered the “drug of choice” by physicians, used to treat everything from the simple throat infection to the common flu. This is not the case anymore.
The idea was based on an experiment led by Dr.Allison. (Dunn, 2011) The experiment suggested that normal soap can prevent gastrointestinal or respiratory illness but antibiotic soaps cannot. Therefore, the purpose of using antibiotic soap is to prevent illness, but now it seems not to work very well. Furthermore, in 1998, Dr. Stuart Levy issued in the Nature magazine that overuse of antibiotic soap that contains triclosan could improve drug resistance to bacteria and create a new type of bacteria that can resist triclosan. (Levy, 1998) Moreover, scientist Judith Groch in her research “Antibacterial Soap No Better And May Worse Than Plain Soap” argued that, “although triclosan can kill bacteria at high concentrations, it could not kill germ-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Serratia marcescens.” In addition, antibacterial soaps cannot prevent some