Smart Antenna Research Paper

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CHAPTER 3 SMART ANTENNA 3.1 Basic History of Antenna Antenna concept was supposed to be invented with Ben Franklin’s experiment captured lightning discharge, which is a direct current path where the energy is not transferred independent of the medium it travels. The experiment performed by Faraday for coupling of electricity and magnetism and evolved new horizons of possibility for antenna in communication. He used sliding action of magnet around the coils of wire attached to galvanometer. The coil thereby acted a sloop antenna and received the electromagnetic radiation. The story has now many chapters to be written. Hertz in 1886 developed a wireless communication which consisted electrical charge in gaps of dipole antenna. By 1901, Marconi…show more content…
This arrangement of obtaining the maximum signal from all directions is known as Smart Antenna array system. 3.2.1 Classification of Smart Antenna: Smart antennas are mainly categorized as Switched beam smart antennas and Adaptive array smart antennas. 3.2.2 Switched beam Array Antenna: The antennas that are designed to have several particular and fixed beam patterns are known as Switched beam Array Antennas. These antennas are comprised of control elements which select the most suitable pattern for the given conditions of the environment. 3.2.3 Adaptive Beam Array Antenna: The arrays organized in such a way that allow the maximum desired signal to capture by steering in all possible directions continuously and nullify the interference is termed as Adaptive Beam Array Antenna. Fig: 3.0.1 Classification of Smart…show more content…
SIMO comprises the use of one antenna, and two or multiple antennas at the destination. MISO comes with multiple antennas at the transmitter, with only one antenna at the destination whereas; MIMO has multiple antennas both at source as well as at destination. MIMO captures the attention more than SIMO and MISO as it only eliminates the adverse and unfavorable effects of multipath propagation. Fig: 3.0.2 Smart Antenna Pattern 3.3 Mathematical Approach Antenna This section reveals the relation of electric field strength and directivity of an antenna. Consider some arbitrary point P in the far field of an antenna, as the power density and electric field are related by [19]; S(∅ ,θ)=〖E(∅ ,θ)〗^2/120π (3.1) Where S(∅ ,θ), is the power density? E(∅ ,θ) , is the electric field strength Let U(∅ ,θ) be the power radiated per unit solid angle, in watts/steradian. This function is called the radiation intensity and is also known as the antenna power pattern. The relation in between radiation intensity and the power density is given

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