EPOXY REACTIONS Cross-linkage and Reaction of an Epoxy Resin ABSTRACT In this experiment the polymerization reactions with epoxy resins are studied. Cross-linked and chain polymers are synthesized with the reaction of reactive oxirane structure in Dow D.E.R. 331 epoxy resin respectively with MDAP and piperazine. The physical differences of two polymers are observed and IR spectrometry of the piperazine and epoxy resin reaction is taken, characteristic epoxy peak and O-H peak transmittance changes which show the reaction progress were determined. INTRODUCTION Epoxy resins are chemicals that are resistant corrosion, have good mechanical and thermal properties, good electric insulating properties and low shrinkage upon curing.
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF BENZOIC ACID J Wright Organic Chem Lab 1 Tuesday 1:40-5 Ian Stubbs LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF BENZOIC ACID PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment was to extract benzoic acid from an aqueous of benzoic acid using methylene chloride, use liquid-liquid extraction to calculate the distribution coefficient of benzoic acid and to determine whether a single extraction or multiple extractions are more efficient. Add in the table of physical constants. See the attachment for the lab format. PROCEDURE: Gather a two stock solution that includes; 0.02M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution and 0.02M of benzoic acid aqueous solution. For a single extraction, use a 50mL graduated cylinder and measure out 50mL of the benzoic acid solution into a 125mL separatory funnel.
Carbon in the form of graphite is used in this study to convert the signals to sound (Matsuhashi et al., 1998). This study was conducted to make the culturing of bacteria easy and fast. It also enhance the growth-production of certain bacteria. Statement of the Problem This research study was conducted to determine the effects of physical sound to the growth-production of bacteria. Some added objectives are: 1.
Given that silica is an absorbent, TLC is a “form of adsorption chromatography” (Varcoe 2001: 8-1). The silica gel used in the stationary phase is a highly polar compound capable of hydrogen bonding whereas in the mobile phase the solvent is a less polar compound, specifically ethyl acetate. | | Figure 1. Structure of silica gel particle (Varcoe 2001: 8-1) | Figure 2. Structure of Ethyl Acetate (Toxipedia 2010) | The polar interactions between the solutions and both of the absorbent and the solvent can occur as a dipole-dipole interaction, the result of the contact of two polar molecules with permanent dipoles such as hydrogen bonding and also dipole-induced dipole interaction in which a molecule with a permanent dipole polarizes another molecule.
This type of bond is one of the strongest intermolecular forces and occurs when many atoms are bonded in a network. In station 2, it had to deal with solubility in water and when the unknown substances were dispensed into the water would they dissolve or stay the same. The sand was insoluble and did not dissolve when it was placed in water because of how high sand’s composition is. Station 5 had to do with the hardness of the unknown substances and sand was determined hard because of its granular material composed of rock and mineral particles. Station 7 deals with volatility and if the substances are able to evaporate at normal temperatures.
The strength of the intermolecular forces of attraction determines whether a substance will be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. It also determines the physical properties of a solid and liquids such as boiling point, surface tension, viscosity, and rate of evaporation. The two main intermolecular forces we dealt with are Hydrogen bonds and London dispersion forces. Procedure The digital thermometer was wrapped at the end with a piece of filter paper and secured with a rubber band. The thermometer was hanged from a test tube clamp on the ring stand.
These fermentative bacterica produce an acidic environment within the tank. These bacteria will further break down the material into ammonia, H2, CO2, H2S, and shorter volatile fatty acids,but alas it is still too big for methane production! So, we go to our next stage to help break it down more. This process is called Acetogenesis. Acetogenesis is the creation of acetate, which is a derivative of acetic acid.
Athena Cochinamogulos Dr. Miller Organic Chemistry II October 23, 13 Title: Suzuki Palladium Cross-Coupling Reaction: Synthesis of 4-Acetyl-4-methyldiphenyl Abstract: In this experiment, the Suzuki Cross coupling reaction between 4-methylphenylboronic acid and 4-bromoacetophenone was utilized to prepare 1-(4’methyl-biphenyl-4-yl) ethanone. Purification through vacuum filtration was carried out and rotary evaporation was executed. The characterization of the purified product was determined by comparing its spectra and melting points to those presented in the literature. The melting point of the product was 58-70°C; which largely differs from the literature value suggesting impurities but the use of spectra data allowed for the determination of product and overall experimental successful. Reaction Equation: Introduction: An organic reaction of an aryl- or vinyl-boronic acid with an aryl- or vinyl-halide catalyzed by a palladium (0) complex or by a palladium nanomaterial-based catalyst describes the Suzuki reaction first reported by Miyaura, Yanagi, and Suzuki in 1981.
They are prepared by reacting magnesium turnings with an alkyl halide or an aryl halide, usually in ether solvent. Grignard reagents are important in the synthesis of alcohols. Reacting a Grignard with formaldehyde will produce a primary alcohol. The reaction between a Grignard and other aldehydes will yield a secondary alcohol. A tertiary alcohol will be the product of the reaction between a Grignard and a ketone.
licheniformis exhibited high concentration of biosurfactants produced with high % of emulsification activities at low surface tension. In the Table3, the acidic or alkaline environment in media resulted to high surface tension which caused the instabilities of biosurfactants and reduced its ability to lower the tension. It was found that change in pH showed to affect considerably the properties of the biosurfactants. Table 3: Effect of surface tension of biosurfactants at different pH pH Surface tension (mN/m) 3 38 5 35 7 34 10 39 12 40 Product recovery The recovery of product required processes well known including extraction, precipitation and crystallization of the biosurfactants for an ideal purification process. At optimum conditions, the amount (concentration) of biosurfactants produced in a batch system was very small referring as