The Act was ruled unconstitutional because it requires federal estate tax to be paid by folks in same-sex marriages. Currently if the spouse in an opposite-sex marriage dies, no federal estate tax needs to be paid. The court also stated that the Act discriminates based on sexual orientation and violates equal protection under the Constitution. Republicans are contesting a ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which ruled the Defense of Marriage Act discriminates based on the denial of health benefits to same-sex spouses. In defense of the Defense of Marriage Act, Republicans claim the goals are to “maintain consistency in allocating federal benefits and encourage relationships “that most frequently result in the begetting and raising of children.”” NYTIMES.
London Metropolitan University, North Campus Student Id: 09014170 Labour Economics Explain how the introduction of a minimum wage may affect the level of employment in theory. Briefly examine the evidence on this reported by Borjas (2010) and Metcalf (2004). Examine and critically assess the evidence reported by Machin and Wilson (2004) on the impact of the minimum wage on UK care homes. Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Employment effect of a minimum wage in a perfectly competitive labour market. 2 2.1 The low wage sector 2 2.2 Spillover Effect on the mid wage sector 3 2.3 The Monopsonistic Model 4 3.0 Critics of researches done before 5 3.1 Fast Food Industry in the U.S, a case of monopsony?
In the case Marbury v. Madison the Supreme Court invalidated a law, passed by Congress, by declaring an act unconstitutional for the first time. The doctrine of Judicial Review was set forth by this case. The Court did not want to show vulnerability of its judicial prestige so it only asserted minimal power. Marshall’s decision suggests he was aware of the long-term objective to enhance judicial powers and diminish state autonomy. In Fletcher v. Peck in 1810 Marshall was ready to declare a state law unconstitutional.
The Dilemma of Minimum Wage and How it Effects the Labor Market Minimum Wage Minimum wage is a price floor set by the government that mandates companies and employers to pay their employees and workers a certain amount. Minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily or monthly wage that an employer can legally pay their employees. It is the lowest rate at which an employee can sell their labor for. Minimum wage was created in New Zealand in 1894 as a means to control proliferation of sweatshops in manufacturing where women and children became subject to increasingly low paying, and unfair working environments. As a result, today there are minimum wage laws in the legislation of over 90% of all countries.
1. Know the statutory responsibilities and rights of employees and employers within own area of work. 1. List the aspects of employment covered by law The law in UK covers the following aspects: Minimum wage, Hours worked, Discrimination, Health and safety, Holiday entitlements, Redundancy and dismissal, Training, Disciplinary procedures, Union rights and consultation, among many others. Labour law covers the deal between employee and employer, Health and safety cover the work conditions, and minimum wage and other law set basic compensation levels.
Mildred and Richard moved to Washington D.C. and with the help of the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) they filled to have the sentence set aside on the ground that it violated their rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Virginia Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law and affirmed the convictions. Issues: 1. Does Virginia’s anti-miscegenation law violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? Holding: A vote of (9-0) in favor of Loving 1.
Goodridge v. Department of Public Health In Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, 440 Mass. 309 (2003), the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court held that it was unconstitutional to forbid people to marry someone of the same sex in Massachusetts. The Court decided that the Commonwealth could not deny a couple the benefits and stability of a civil marriage simply because the petitioners were of the same sex. Similarly, in Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), The Supreme Court held that a Virginia statute outlawing marriage by two people of different races violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. In Loving, the court affirmed that marriage is a fundamental civil right to free persons and stated that, “[t]he Fourteenth
Labour law covers the deal between employee and employer. Health and safety laws cover the work conditions, and minimum wage and other laws set basic compensation levels. We also have the Disability Act, Manual Handling Operations and Regulations, Data Protection Act, The Medicine Act, General Social Care Council code 2001, RIDDOR 1995 and more. 1.2 list the main features of current employment legislation Pay Being paid and payslips Company sick pay rights Performance-related pay Employment contracts and conditions Contracts of employment Changes to employment conditions Breach of contract The National Minimum Wage The National Minimum Wage rates Calculating the National Minimum Wage: the basics Help getting paid the National Minimum Wage Time off and holidays Annual leave and holidays Time to train: request time at work to learn new skills Time off for dependants Working hours Working time limits (the 48-hour week) Rest breaks Overtime Flexible working The right to request flexible
Railway Labor Executives' Ass'n, 489 U.S. 602 (1989), the plaintiff was a railway association that brought action against the government in order to challenge the regulations that subjected railroad workers in safety-sensitive positions to random drug testing. The plaintiffs cited that such testing was a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The courts ruled, however, in favor of the defendant stating that it was not a violation of the Fourth Amendment, right but rather an intrusion that was justified by a legitimate government interest in public safety that superseded an individual’s Fourth Amendment interests. Furthermore, it was established that drug testing for railroad workers did not need to have to be premised on safety-related events to be done, as a worker’s expectation of privacy was diminished by their participation in an industry that is heavily regulated in order to ensure public
It questioned the meaning of the word commerce in the Constitution; the trial would define whether commerce would be used broadly or narrowly. It also questioned whether the steamboat licenses of the State of New York were in conflict with the National Government’s authority to regulate commerce stated in the Commerce Clause. If the licenses were in conflict with the National Government’s authority to regulate commerce, were the requirements for all steamboats in New York waters to be licensed by that State constitutional? The Supreme Court favored Gibbons by a unanimous vote (6-0)