*1 He wrote the first Chinese catechism and composed the first ever map of China which he showed the Emperor, to prove that China was not the centre of the earth. He translated the works of Confuscious into Latin and adapted the liturgical rites of Christianity to the mentality of the Chinese. He is a model of dialogue and respect for other believers who carried out a great work of interculturation in China. Using some of the social elements of Confucianism for his pastoral strategy. Translates Euclidean elements of geometry to the Chinese which even the Communist party has acknowledged as having great historical importance.
was the first to have left behind written records and solid archaeological evidence of its existence. Through the Shang’s written records Keightley asserts that for the first time, one can describe in confidence the Chinese civilization. Aspects such as their political system, art forms, DIs (high Gods), religious practices, Ancestors, Tablet & Temples, rituals of their society, diet & agriculture and even warfare could now be learned through written records known as oracle-bone inscriptions and Bronze inscriptions. The oracle-bone inscriptions as described by Keightley were made on the back of a turtle shell or cattle scapula. The process first started by applying intense heat to hollows bored into the shell or scapula.
This principle was called jus sanginis, (Zerba, 2008). The nationality law was later adopted by the nationalist government and later by PRC. The Chinese viewed themselves as temporarily residents with the intention of returning back to china. During the republican period (1949), Chinese governments continued to emphasize links with overseas Chinese. The overseas Chinese played a pivotal role in the economic front for china because during period of national disasters, they would raise money.
The need for healthcare was the catalyst that drove to the spreading and perfecting of acupuncture. (Liangyue et al., 1987/1999). In the year 1899, Liu Zhongheng wrote a book that helped the studying of acupuncture through combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine called Illustrations of the Bronze Figure with Chinese and Western Medicine. (Liangyue et al., 1987/1999 introduced t). It wasn’t unitl 1934 that the cutting-edge practice called electrical stimulation was born.
For example, there was no way ancient Chinese could have survived without really believe in collectivism and being cooperative with others. There were 3 stages in the development of the collectivism in China. The first stage was the patriarchal collectivism, and then it was the national collectivism. And the final stage of collectivism in China was the social collectivism. In the ancient time, about 10000 B.C.
The Shang Dynasty also known as the Yin Dynasty ran from 1700 B.C to 1027 B.C. Is thought to be erected by a rebel leader who ousted the previous Xia leader. The Shang dynasty is documented for the styles that provide China with its cultural heritage. The Shang dynasty used royal workspaces to produce bronze containers, but also included tools, weapon’s, and instruments. They were also big on hunting, and farming as a profitable methods.
Even if there have been several influential predominant cultures that penetrated and conquered the leadership throughout the centuries (namely Mongolian and Manchurian cultures, Buddhism and also partially Islamism). In Modern Era the idea of a collective Chinese identity has focused on the basis that Chinese population is composed for the great majority by people belonging to Han cultural and ethnic group. Since the end of the Empire and the foundation of the Chinese Nationalist Republic in 1911, and throughout the process that led to the creation of People’s Republic of China in 1949 until the very present day, Chinese rulers had made a strong effort to legitimate their power, creating a new modern Chinese identity that could be shared by the multitude of different ethnic, cultural and religious identities scattered all around the immense territories that we now call China. From the start of the modernization process it has been a central question for the intellectuals of the beginning of the century to determine what must be preserved and what should be abandoned in the traditional
In 1902, Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy, which taught of the healing power of nature and importance of increasing the vital force (Thiel 2000, p.3). Acupuncture is an ancient method of healing originating in China, dating back to approximately 6000 years ago to which credit cannot be given to a singular founder (Chang 1976, p.3). The oldest known text, dating back to the first century BC is the Yellow Emperor’s classic of Internal Medicine, which defines acupuncture as a valid medical system (Chang 1976, p.14). However by the time of this text, Acupuncture was already an established practice of medicine flourishing in and throughout China (Chang 1976, p.14). From these origins, both naturopathy and acupuncture have grown and advanced to the more scientific based practice they are today (Thiel 2000, p.5).
In Han dynasty, Dong Zhongshu stated that, Tian has its own spirit and intension, human beings should follow the intension of tian (Tian Zhi & Tian Yi). Specifically, he said that the king is the son of tian, the king govern the country in the name of tian (君權神授). All the people should follow the will of tian, so they should also follow the governance of king. Tian helps the kings build their governance in Chinese feudal age. The same situation happens in western countries in middle ages.
Throughout time, Chinese culture has used the Analects as a foundation in their education system. The Analects of Confucius were collected because of the importance that was placed on the teachings of Confucius. Confucius’ emphasis on the idea that the “country’s welfare depended on the moral cultivation of its people”. His pupils believed that by recording the Analects in written language they would last forever and the philosophies of Confucius would spread throughout the Chinese culture. The essence of the message of the Analects is the key concept that individuals should think independently, and he strived to define concepts in an abstract, universal manner in which they could be applied to multiple cultures could understand them.