The morphological traits observed can be thought as less attributed to convergent evolution and more attributed to adaptive radiation Introduction: In this lab experiment protein profiles were generated in order to examine similarities and differences among five different types of marine life. The objective of this lab was to use molecular techniques, such as extraction and electrophoresis, in order to explore the evolutionary relationships between the mollusks and arthropod. In this experiment two different phyla were examined, which are the following: clam, scallop, mussels, oysters, and shrimp. The muscle tissues were extracted from each of the five samples and then prepared for electrophoresis.
Microbiologists estimate there are total five million trillion bacteria on earth worldwide. Also bacteria can cause skin viruses, influenza, MRSA-a staph infection, and resistant to penicillin. The average human hand houses 150 different kinds of bacteria. Women tend to have 50% more bacteria on their hands than men, possibly due to men having more acidic skin. Women also have
Abstract Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. This study aimed to explore the molecular evidence for MRSA transmission between staff and hospitalized patients in the critical care units of university hospital. Material and methods: Nasal swabs were collected from 133 and 120 personnel and patients in اسم یونیتها؟high risk units such as …, respectively. All presumptive MRSA colonies were confirmed based on conventional biochemical assays and presence of mecA gene. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by E-test and Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method.
Furthermore, different stages of cancer will be treated with different methods and therapies. Most and many cancers will develop abnormal tumors. Killing the cancer cells and isolating the tumor will be ideal for preventing the spreading of the disease throughout the body. In Hong Kong, there are two main ways to treat cancer; Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy. Radiotherapy can be done mainly with two machines.
the microbe produces a substance which is antibiotic and is extracted and then chemically altered to better suit the treating of the disease. Microbes are also genetically altered in laboratories to produce antibiotics to suit the needs of the animal which it will be used to treat. This process is carried out by synthetically producing plasmids for the use of transferring useful genetic information from one microbe to another. There are two types of antibiotics used; bacteriocidal and
The Methods Behind Targeted Chemotherapy Emily A. Abstract The use of the drug Cisplatin through the method of isolated infusion is the ideal use of targeted chemotherapy. Cisplatin works by molecularly targeting the guanine base in DNA, but if it were given through a general IV it would bond with all cells with guanine bases and not exclusively the cancerous cells. Therefore when the drug is administered through isolated infusion (a form of targeted delivery) it will only affect the ‘isolated’ cancerous area. This method of chemotherapy is controversial because if the procedure is not properly conducted the Cisplatin will spread and healthy organ systems could be destroyed. Yet the benefits outweigh the risks by far because if the procedure is done correctly all the cancerous cells in that isolated area will be eliminated entirely.
It is also used for diagnostic testing to find the well-functioning of the organs and to image the skeleton and heart muscle in particular, but also for internal organs such as brain, thyroid, lungs (for perfusion and ventilation), liver, kidney (for structure), bone marrow, etc. for infection and specialized medical studies (radiochemistry.org). According to the 21st century Science and technology magazine, "research is ongoing into the radioisotopes in treating AIDS and other diseases" by using the same medical practice as other procedure used for physicians today. In most cases, the nuclear image from the radioisotopes to help physicians to make a correct diagnosis of the patient's illness
The disease is changing in response to mysterious forces from under the earth that are waking up after centuries of slumber. This relates to biology because parasites are an important part of biology. Parasites are an organism that lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense. There are many different types of parasite and they live on all types of organisms. In the book it says,“Most parasites live in more than one kind of animal, but they’re all trying to reach their final host, the ultimate vector”(60).
The ability for doctors to be able to detect cancer in its early stages would be a tremendous help with their ability to providing treatment. Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death among people worldwide. According to a report in news scientist “Dogs do as well as state-of-the-art screening tests at sniffing out people with lung or breast cancer. The research raises the possibility that trained dogs could detect cancers even earlier and might someday supplement or even replace mammograms and computed tomography (CT) scans in the laboratory.” The use of cancer sniffing dogs would allow doctors the ability to provide earlier treatment to those with lung cancer, reduce the possibility of spreading, and increase years of life. A canine’s sense of smell is much greater than the human ability to smell, dogs have over 200 million olfactory receptors, whereas human only have 5 million.
All microbes can inhabit plants, animals and humans. Some microbes have the ability to cause disease in humans, plants, and animals while others are essential for a healthy life, and we could not exist without them. Indeed, the relationship between microbes and humans is delicate and complex. Most microbes belong to one of four major groups: bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. Since the 19th century, we have known microbes cause infectious diseases.